Planet Python

Last update: November 20, 2024 09:43 PM UTC

November 20, 2024

Trey Hunner

Python Black Friday & Cyber Monday sales (2024)

Ready for some Python skill-building sales?

This is my seventh annual compilation of Python learning deals.

I’m publishing this post extra early this year, so bookmark this page and set a calendar event for yourself to check back on Friday November 29.

Currently live sales

Here are Python-related sales that are live right now:

• Python Jumpstart with Python Morsels: 50% off my brand new Python course, an introduction to Python that’s very hands-on ($99 instead of $199)
• Rodrigo 50% off Rodrigo’s all books bundle with code BF24
• The Python Coding Place: 40% off The Python Coding Book and 40% off a lifetime membership to The Python Coding Place with code black2024
• Sundeep Agarwal: ~50% off Sundeep’s all book and Python bundles with code FestiveOffer
• O'Reilly Media: 40% off the first year with code CYBERWEEK24 ($299 instead of $499)

Anticipated sales

Here are sales that will be live soon:

• Data School 40% off all Kevin’s courses or get a bundle with all 5 of his courses
• Mike Driscoll: 35% off Mike’s Python books and courses with code BF24

Here are some sales I expect to see, but which haven’t been announced yet:

• Talk Python: usually holds a sale on a variety of courses
• Brian Okken: often holds a sale on his pytest course
• Reuven Lerner: usually holds a sale
• Pragmatic Bookshelf: I’m guessing they’ll hold a 40% off sale with code turkeycode2024

Even more sales

Also see Adam Johnson’s Django-related Deals for Black Friday 2024 for sales on Adam’s books, courses from the folks at Test Driven, Django templates, and various other Django-related deals.

And for non-Python/Django Python deals, see the Awesome Black Friday / Cyber Monday deals GitHub repository and the BlackFridayDeals.dev website.

If you know of another sale (or a likely sale) please comment below or email me.

November 20, 2024 07:00 PM UTC

Real Python

NumPy Practical Examples: Useful Techniques

The NumPy library is a Python library used for scientific computing. It provides you with a multidimensional array object for storing and analyzing data in a wide variety of ways. In this tutorial, you’ll see examples of some features NumPy provides that aren’t always highlighted in other tutorials. You’ll also get the chance to practice your new skills with various exercises.

In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to:

• Create multidimensional arrays from data stored in files
• Identify and remove duplicate data from a NumPy array
• Use structured NumPy arrays to reconcile the differences between datasets
• Analyze and chart specific parts of hierarchical data
• Create vectorized versions of your own functions

If you’re new to NumPy, it’s a good idea to familiarize yourself with the basics of data science in Python before you start. Also, you’ll be using Matplotlib in this tutorial to create charts. While it’s not essential, getting acquainted with Matplotlib beforehand might be beneficial.

Get Your Code: Click here to download the free sample code that you’ll use to work through NumPy practical examples.

Take the Quiz: Test your knowledge with our interactive “NumPy Practical Examples: Useful Techniques” quiz. You’ll receive a score upon completion to help you track your learning progress:

---

Interactive Quiz

NumPy Practical Examples: Useful Techniques

This quiz will challenge your knowledge of working with NumPy arrays. You won't find all the answers in the tutorial, so you'll need to do some extra investigating. By finding all the answers, you're sure to learn some interesting things along the way.

Setting Up Your Working Environment

Before you can get started with this tutorial, you’ll need to do some initial setup. In addition to NumPy, you’ll need to install the Matplotlib library, which you’ll use to chart your data. You’ll also be using Python’s pathlib library to access your computer’s file system, but there’s no need to install pathlib because it’s part of Python’s standard library.

You might consider using a virtual environment to make sure your tutorial’s setup doesn’t interfere with anything in your existing Python environment.

Using a Jupyter Notebook within JupyterLab to run your code instead of a Python REPL is another useful option. It allows you to experiment and document your findings, as well as quickly view and edit files. The downloadable version of the code and exercise solutions are presented in Jupyter Notebook format.

The commands for setting things up on the common platforms are shown below:

• Windows
• Linux + macOS

Fire up a Windows PowerShell(Admin) or Terminal(Admin) prompt, depending on the version of Windows that you’re using. Now type in the following commands:

Windows PowerShell

PS> python -m venv venv\
PS> venv\Scripts\activate
(venv) PS> python -m pip install numpy matplotlib jupyterlab
(venv) PS> jupyter lab

Copied!

Here you create a virtual environment named venv\, which you then activate. If the activation is successful, then the virtual environment’s name will precede your Powershell prompt. Next, you install numpy and matplotlib into this virtual environment, followed by the optional jupyterlab. Finally, you start JupyterLab.

Note: When you activate your virtual environment, you may receive an error stating that your system can’t run the script. Modern versions of Windows don’t allow you to run scripts downloaded from the Internet as a security feature.

To fix this, you need to type the command Set-ExecutionPolicy RemoteSigned, then answer Y to the question. Your computer will now run scripts that Microsoft has verified. Once you’ve done this, the venv\Scripts\activate command should work.

Fire up a terminal and type in the following commands:

Shell

$ python -m venv venv/
$ source venv/bin/activate
(venv) $ python -m pip install numpy matplotlib jupyterlab
(venv) $ jupyter lab

Copied!

Here you create a virtual environment named venv/, which you then activate. If the activation is successful, then the virtual environment’s name will precede your command prompt. Next, you install numpy and matplotlib into this virtual environment, followed by the optional jupyterlab. Finally, you start JupyterLab.

You’ll notice that your prompt is preceded by (venv). This means that anything you do from this point forward will stay in this environment and remain separate from other Python work you have elsewhere.

Now that you have everything set up, it’s time to begin the main part of your learning journey.

NumPy Example 1: Creating Multidimensional Arrays From Files

When you create a NumPy array, you create a highly-optimized data structure. One of the reasons for this is that a NumPy array stores all of its elements in a contiguous area of memory. This memory management technique means that the data is stored in the same memory region, making access times fast. This is, of course, highly desirable, but an issue occurs when you need to expand your array.

Suppose you need to import multiple files into a multidimensional array. You could read them into separate arrays and then combine them using np.concatenate(). However, this would create a copy of your original array before expanding the copy with the additional data. The copying is necessary to ensure the updated array will still exist contiguously in memory since the original array may have had non-related content adjacent to it.

Constantly copying arrays each time you add new data from a file can make processing slow and is wasteful of your system’s memory. The problem becomes worse the more data you add to your array. Although this copying process is built into NumPy, you can minimize its effects with these two steps:

1. When setting up your initial array, determine how large it needs to be before populating it. You may even consider over-estimating its size to support any future data additions. Once you know these sizes, you can create your array upfront.

2. The second step is to populate it with the source data. This data will be slotted into your existing array without any need for it to be expanded.

Next, you’ll explore how to populate a three-dimensional NumPy array.

Populating Arrays With File Data

In this first example, you’ll use the data from three files to populate a three-dimensional array. The content of each file is shown below, and you’ll also find these files in the downloadable materials:

The first file has two rows and three columns with the following content:

CSV file1.csv

1.1, 1.2, 1.3
1.4, 1.5, 1.6

Copied!

Read the full article at https://realpython.com/numpy-example/ »

[ Improve Your Python With 🐍 Python Tricks 💌 – Get a short & sweet Python Trick delivered to your inbox every couple of days. >> Click here to learn more and see examples ]

November 20, 2024 02:00 PM UTC

Julien Tayon

The advantages of HTML as a data model over basic declarative ORM approach

Very often, backend devs don't want to write code.

For this, we use one trick : derive HTML widget for presentation, database access, REST endpoints from ONE SOURCE of truth and we call it MODEL.

A tradition, and I insist it's a conservative tradition, is to use a declarative model where we mad the truth of the model from python classes.

By declaring a class we will implicitly declare it's SQL structure, the HTML input form for human readable interaction and the REST endpoint to access a graph of objects which are all mapped on the database.

Since the arrival of pydantic it makes all the more sense when it comes to empower a strongly type approach in python.

But is it the only one worthy ?

I speak here as a veteran of the trenchline which job is to read a list of entries of customer in an xls file from a project manager and change the faulty value based on the retro-engineering of an HTML formular into whatever the freak the right value is supposed to be.

In this case your job is in fact to short circuit the web framework to which you don't have access to change values directly into the database.

More often than never is these real life case you don't have access to the team who built the framework (to much bureaucracy to even get a question answered before the situation gets critical) ... So you look at the form.

And you guess the name of the table that is impacted by looking at the « network tab » in the developper GUI when you hit the submit button.

And you guess the name of the field impacted in the table to guess the name of the columns.

And then you use your only magical tool which is a write access to the database to reflect the expected object with an automapper and change values.

You could do it raw SQL I agree, but sometimes you need to do a web query in the middle to change the value because you have to ask a REST service what is the new ID of the client.

And you see the more this experience of having to tweak into real life frameworks that often surprise users for the sake of the limitation of the source of truth, the more I want the HTML to be the source of truth.

The most stoïcian approach to full stack framework approach : to derive Everything from an HTML page.

The views, the controllers, the route, the model in such a true way that if you modify the HTML you modify in real time the database model, the routes, the displayed form.

What are the advantages of HTML as a declarative language ?

HTML is just XML

HTML is an XML YOU CAN SEE.

Modern « remote procedure call » are web based

Proof of concept

<form action=/transition  >
	<input type=number name=id />
	<input type=number name=user_group_id nullable=false reference=user_group.id />
	<textarea name=message rows=10 cols=50 nullable=false ></textarea>
	<input type=url name=factoid />
	<select name="emotion_for_group_triggered" value=neutral >
		<option value="">please select a value</option>
		<option value=positive >Positive</option>
		<option value=neutral >Neutral</option>
		<option value=negative >Negative</option>
	</select>
	<input type=number name=expected_fun_for_group />
	<input type=number name=previous_statement_id reference=statement.id nullable=false />
	<input type=number name=next_statement_id reference=statement.id />
	<unique_constraint col=next_statement_id,previous_statement_id name=unique_transition ></unique_constraint>
	<input type=checkbox name=is_exception />
</form>

from requests import post
from html.parser import HTMLParser

import requests
import os
from dateutil import parser
from passlib.hash import scrypt as crypto_hash # we can change the hash easily
from urllib.parse import parse_qsl, urlparse

# heaviweight
from requests import get
from sqlalchemy import *
from sqlalchemy.ext.automap import automap_base
from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
DB=os.environ.get('DB','test.db')
DB_DRIVER=os.environ.get('DB_DRIVER','sqlite')
DSN=f"{DB_DRIVER}://{DB_DRIVER == 'sqlite' and not DB.startswith('/') and '/' or ''}{DB}"
ENDPOINT="http://127.0.0.1:5000"
os.chdir("..")
os.system(f"rm {DB}")
os.system(f"DB={DB} DB_DRIVER={DB_DRIVER} python pdca.py & sleep 2")
url = lambda table : ENDPOINT + "/" + table
os.system(f"curl {url('group')}?_action=search")

form_to_db = transtype_input = lambda attrs : {  k: (
                # handling of input having date/time in the name
                "date" in k or "time" in k and v and type(k) == str )
                    and parser.parse(v) or
                # handling of boolean mapping which input begins with "is_"
                k.startswith("is_") and [False, True][v == "on"] or
                # password ?
                "password" in k and crypto_hash.hash(v) or
                v
                for k,v in attrs.items() if v  and not k.startswith("_")
}

post(url("user"), params = dict(id=1,  secret_password="toto", name="jul2", email="j@j.com", _action="create"), files=dict(pic_file=open("./assets/diag.png", "rb").read())).status_code
#os.system(f"curl {ENDPOINT}/user?_action=search")
#os.system(f"sqlite3 {DB} .dump")

engine = create_engine(DSN)
metadata = MetaData()


transtype_true = lambda p : (p[0],[False,True][p[1]=="true"])
def dispatch(p):
    return dict(
        nullable=transtype_true,
        unique=transtype_true,
        default=lambda p:("server_default",eval(p[1])),
    ).get(p[0], lambda *a:None)(p)

transtype_input = lambda attrs : dict(filter(lambda x :x, map(dispatch, attrs.items())))

class HTMLtoData(HTMLParser):
    def __init__(self):
        global engine, tables, metadata
        self.cols = []
        self.table = ""
        self.tables= []
        self.enum =[]
        self.engine= engine
        self.meta = metadata
        super().__init__()

    def handle_starttag(self, tag, attrs):
        global tables
        attrs = dict(attrs)
        simple_mapping = {
            "email" : UnicodeText, "url" : UnicodeText, "phone" : UnicodeText,
            "text" : UnicodeText, "checkbox" : Boolean, "date" : Date, "time" : Time,
            "datetime-local" : DateTime, "file" : Text, "password" : Text, "uuid" : Text, #UUID is postgres specific
        }

        if tag in {"select", "textarea"}:
            self.enum=[]
            self.current_col = attrs["name"]
            self.attrs= attrs
        if tag == "option":
            self.enum.append( attrs["value"] )
        if tag == "unique_constraint":
            self.cols.append( UniqueConstraint(*attrs["col"].split(','), name=attrs["name"]) )
        if tag in { "input" }:
            if attrs.get("name") == "id":
                self.cols.append( Column('id', Integer,  **( dict(primary_key = True) | transtype_input(attrs ))))
                return
            try:
                if attrs.get("name").endswith("_id"):
                    table=attrs.get("name").split("_")
                    self.cols.append( Column(attrs["name"], Integer, ForeignKey(attrs["reference"])) )
                    return
            except Exception as e:
                log(e, ln=line())

            if attrs.get("type") in simple_mapping.keys() or tag in {"select",}:
                self.cols.append( 
                    Column(
                        attrs["name"], simple_mapping[attrs["type"]],
                        **transtype_input(attrs)
                    )
                )
            if attrs["type"] == "number":
                if attrs.get("step","") == "any":
                    self.cols.append( Columns(attrs["name"], Float) )
                else:
                    self.cols.append( Column(attrs["name"], Integer) )
        if tag== "form":
            self.table = urlparse(attrs["action"]).path[1:]

    def handle_endtag(self, tag):
        global tables
        if tag == "select":
            # self.cols.append( Column(self.current_col,Enum(*[(k,k) for k in self.enum]), **transtype_input(self.attrs)) )

            self.cols.append( Column(self.current_col, Text, **transtype_input(self.attrs)) )
            
        if tag == "textarea":
            self.cols.append(
                Column(
                    self.current_col,
                    String(int(self.attrs["cols"])*int(self.attrs["rows"])),
                    **transtype_input(self.attrs)) 
           )
        if tag=="form":
            self.tables.append( Table(self.table, self.meta, *self.cols), )
            #tables[self.table] = self.tables[-1]

            self.cols = []
            with engine.connect() as cnx:
                self.meta.create_all(engine)
                cnx.commit()

HTMLtoData().feed(get("http://127.0.0.1:5000/").text)
os.system("pkill -f pdca.py")



#metadata.reflect(bind=engine)
Base = automap_base(metadata=metadata)

Base.prepare()

with Session(engine) as session:
    for table,values in tuple([
        ("user", form_to_db(dict( name="him", email="j2@j.com", secret_password="toto"))),
        ("group", dict(id=1, name="trolol") ),
        ("group", dict(id=2, name="serious") ),
        ("user_group", dict(id=1,user_id=1, group_id=1, secret_token="secret")),
        ("user_group", dict(id=2,user_id=1, group_id=2, secret_token="")),
        ("user_group", dict(id=3,user_id=2, group_id=1, secret_token="")),
        ("statement", dict(id=1,user_group_id=1, message="usable agile workflow", category="story" )),
        ("statement", dict(id=2,user_group_id=1, message="How do we code?", category="story_item" )),
        ("statement", dict(id=3,user_group_id=1, message="which database?", category="question")),
        ("statement", dict(id=4,user_group_id=1, message="which web framework?", category="question")),
        ("statement", dict(id=5,user_group_id=1, message="preferably less", category="answer")),
        ("statement", dict(id=6,user_group_id=1, message="How do we test?", category="story_item" )),
        ("statement", dict(id=7,user_group_id=1, message="QA framework here", category="delivery" )),
        ("statement", dict(id=8,user_group_id=1, message="test plan", category="test" )),
        ("statement", dict(id=9,user_group_id=1, message="OK", category="finish" )),
        ("statement", dict(id=10, user_group_id=1, message="PoC delivered",category="delivery")),

        ("transition", dict( user_group_id=1, previous_statement_id=1, next_statement_id=2, message="something bugs me",is_exception=True, )),
        ("transition", dict( 
            user_group_id=1, 
            previous_statement_id=2, 
            next_statement_id=4, 
            message="standup meeting feedback",is_exception=True, )),
        ("transition", dict( 
            user_group_id=1, 
            previous_statement_id=2, 
            next_statement_id=3, 
            message="standup meeting feedback",is_exception=True, )),
        ("transition", dict( user_group_id=1, previous_statement_id=2, next_statement_id=6, message="change accepted",is_exception=True, )),
        ("transition", dict( user_group_id=1, previous_statement_id=4, next_statement_id=5, message="arbitration",is_exception=True, )),
        ("transition", dict( user_group_id=1, previous_statement_id=3, next_statement_id=5, message="arbitration",is_exception=True, )),
        ("transition", dict( user_group_id=1, previous_statement_id=6, next_statement_id=7, message="R&D", )),
        ("transition", dict( user_group_id=1, previous_statement_id=7, next_statement_id=8, message="Q&A", )),
        ("transition", dict( user_group_id=1, previous_statement_id=8, next_statement_id=9, message="CI action", )),
        ("transition", dict( user_group_id=1, previous_statement_id=2, next_statement_id=10, message="situation unblocked", )),
        ("transition", dict( user_group_id=1, previous_statement_id=9, next_statement_id=10, message="situation unblocked", )),
        ]):
        session.add(getattr(Base.classes,table)(**values))
        session.commit()
os.system("python ./generate_state_diagram.py sqlite:///test.db > out.dot ;dot -Tpng out.dot > diag2.png; xdot out.dot")
s = requests.session()

os.system(f"DB={DB} DB_DRIVER={DB_DRIVER} python pdca.py & sleep 1")


print(s.post(url("group"), params=dict(_action="delete", id=3,name=1)).status_code)
print(s.post(url("grant"), params = dict(secret_password="toto", email="j@j.com",group_id=1, )).status_code)
print(s.post(url("grant"), params = dict(_redirect="/group",secret_password="toto", email="j@j.com",group_id=2, )).status_code)
print(s.cookies["Token"])
print(s.post(url("user_group"), params=dict(_action="search", user_id=1)).text)
print(s.post(url("group"), params=dict(_action="create", id=3,name=2)).text)
print(s.post(url("group"), params=dict(_action="delete", id=3)).status_code)
print(s.post(url("group"), params=dict(_action="search", )).text)
os.system("pkill -f pdca.py")

November 20, 2024 04:04 AM UTC

Seth Michael Larson

SEGA Genesis & Mega Drive games and ROMs from Steam

SEGA Genesis & Mega Drive games and ROMs from Steam

TDLR: SEGA is discontinuing the "SEGA Mega Drive and Genesis Classics" on December 6th. This is an affordable way to purchase these games and ROMs compared to the original cartridges. Buy games you are interested in while you still can.

In particular, Dr. Robotnik's Mean Bean Machine is one of my favorite games. I created copy-cat games when I was first learning how to program computers. I already own this game twice over as a Genesis cartridge and in the Sonic Mega Collection for the GameCube, but neither of those formats are easy to find the ROM itself to be played elsewhere.

So I heard you like beans.

That's where the SEGA Mega Drive and Genesis Classics comes in. This launcher provides uncompressed ROMs that are easily accessible after purchasing the game. For the below instructions, I am using Ubuntu 24.04 as my operating system. Here's what I did:

• Download the Steam launcher for Linux.
• Purchase Dr. Robotnik's Mean Bean Machine on Steam for $4.99 USD.
• Download the "SEGA Mega Drive and Genesis Classics" launcher and the Dr. Robotnik's Mean Bean Machine "DLC". You don't have to launch the game through Steam.
• Navigate to ~/.steam/steam/steamapps/common/Sega\ Classics/uncompressed\ ROMs.
• ROM files can be found in this directory. Their file extension will be either .SGD or .68K. These can be changed to .bin to be recognized by emulators for Linux like Kega Fusion.

# How to mass-rename ROM extensions if you purchase multiple like I did:
$ for f in *.68K; do mv -- "$f" "${f%.68K}.bin"; done 
$ for f in *.SGD; do mv -- "$f" "${f%.SGD}.bin"; done

From here, you should be able to load these ROMs into any emulator. Happy gaming!

Have thoughts or questions? Let's chat over email or social:

sethmichaellarson@gmail.com
@sethmlarson@fosstodon.org

Want more articles like this one? Get notified of new posts by subscribing to the RSS feed or the email newsletter. I won't share your email or send spam, only whatever this is!

Want more content now? This blog's archive has ready-to-read articles. I also curate a list of cool URLs I find on the internet.

Find a typo? This blog is open source, pull requests are appreciated.

Thanks for reading! ♡ This work is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0

November 20, 2024 12:00 AM UTC

November 19, 2024

PyCoder’s Weekly

Issue #656 (Nov. 19, 2024)

#656 – NOVEMBER 19, 2024
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What We Learned From Analyzing 20.2 Million CI Jobs

The Trunk Flaky Test public beta is open! You can now detect, quarantine, and eliminate flaky tests from your codebase. Discover insights from our analysis of 20.2 million CI jobs and see how Trunk can unblock pipelines and stop reruns. Access is free. Check out our getting started guide here →
TRUNK sponsor

Discussions

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Projects & Code

Events

Happy Pythoning!
This was PyCoder’s Weekly Issue #656.
View in Browser »

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November 19, 2024 07:30 PM UTC

Python Insider

Python 3.14.0 alpha 2 released

Alpha 2? But Alpha 1 only just came out!

https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-3140a2/

This is an early developer preview of Python 3.14

Major new features of the 3.14 series, compared to 3.13

Python 3.14 is still in development. This release, 3.14.0a2 is the second of seven planned alpha releases.

Alpha releases are intended to make it easier to test the current state of new features and bug fixes and to test the release process.

During the alpha phase, features may be added up until the start of the beta phase (2025-05-06) and, if necessary, may be modified or deleted up until the release candidate phase (2025-07-22). Please keep in mind that this is a preview release and its use is not recommended for production environments.

Many new features for Python 3.14 are still being planned and written. Among the new major new features and changes so far:

• PEP 649: deferred evaluation of annotations
• PEP 741: Python configuration C API
• PEP 761: Python 3.14 and onwards no longer provides PGP signatures for release artifacts. Instead, Sigstore is recommended for verifiers.
• Improved error messages
• (Hey, fellow core developer, if a feature you find important is missing from this list, let Hugo know.)

The next pre-release of Python 3.14 will be 3.14.0a3, currently scheduled for 2024-12-17.

More resources

• Online documentation
• PEP 745, 3.14 Release Schedule
• Report bugs at https://github.com/python/cpython/issues
• Help fund Python and its community

Enjoy the new release

Thanks to all of the many volunteers who help make Python Development and these releases possible! Please consider supporting our efforts by volunteering yourself or through organisation contributions to the Python Software Foundation.

Regards from a chilly Helsinki with snow on the way,

Your release team,
Hugo van Kemenade
Ned Deily
Steve Dower
Łukasz Langa

November 19, 2024 04:03 PM UTC

PyCharm

Code Faster with JetBrains AI in PyCharm

PyCharm 2024.3 comes with many improvements to JetBrains AI to help you code faster. I’m going to walk you through some of these updates in this blog post. 

Natural language inline AI prompt

You can now use JetBrains AI by typing straight into your editor in natural language without opening the AI Assistant tool window. If you use either IntelliJ IDEA or PyCharm, you might already be familiar with natural language AI prompts, but let me walk you through the process. 

If you’re typing in the gutter you can start typing your request straight into the editor, and then press Tab. Here’s an example of one such request:

write a script to capture a date input from a user and print it out prefixed by a message stating that their birthday is on that date.

You can then iterate on the initial input by clicking on the purple block in the gutter or by pressing ⌘\ or Ctrl+\ and pressing Enter:

add error handling so that when a birthday is in the future, we dont accept it

You can use  ⌘\ or Ctrl+\ to keep iterating until you’re happy with the result. For example, we can use the prompt:

print out the day of the week as well as their birthday date

And then: 

change the format of day_of_week to short

This feature is available for Python, JavaScript, TypeScript, JSON, and YAML files.

Let’s look at some more examples. We can get JetBrains AI Assistant to help us generate new code with a prompt like this:

Write code that lists the latest polls, shows poll details, handles voting, updates votes, and displays poll results, ensuring only published polls are accessible.

Or add some error handling to our code:

Add edge case handling to this code

Remember, context is everything. Where you start your natural language prompt is important, as PyCharm uses the placement of your caret to figure out the context. You don’t need to prefix your query with a ? or $ if you start typing in the gutter because the context is the file, but if your caret is indented, you’ll need to start your query with the ? or $ character so PyCharm knows you’re crafting a natural language query.

In this example, we want to refactor existing code, so we need to prefix our query with the ? character:

?create a dedicated function for printing the schedule and remove the code from here

Try JetBrains AI for free

Running code in the Python console

We know that JetBrains AI can generate code for you, but now you can run that code in the Python console without leaving the AI Assistant tool window by clicking the green run arrow.

For example, let’s say you have the following prompt:

Create a python script that asks for a birthday date in standard format yyy-MM-dd then converts it and prints it back out in a written format such as 22nd January 1991 

You can now click the green run arrow on the top-right of the code snippet to run it in your Python console:

Even more features

In addition to the new functionality for natural language and code completion for PyCharm highlighted above, there are several other improvements to JetBrains AI. 

Faster code completion

We have introduced a new model for faster cloud-based completion with AI Assistant which is showing very promising results.

Faster documentation

If documentation isn’t your thing, you can now hand off writing your Python docstrings to JetBrains AI. If you type either single or double quotes to enter a docstring and then press Return, you’ll see a prompt that says Generate with AI Assistant. Click that prompt and let JetBrains AI generate the documentation for you:

Help at your fingertips

We all need a little help now and again, and we can get JetBrains AI to help us here too. We’ve added a /docs prompt to the JetBrains AI tool window. This prompt will query the PyCharm documentation to save you from switching out of the context you’re working in!

Ability to choose your LLM

For AI Chat, you can now select a different LLM from the drop-down menu in the chat window itself. There are lots of options for you to choose from:

More context in Jupyter notebooks

We’ve also improved how JetBrains AI works for data scientists. JetBrains AI now recognizes DataFrames and variables in your notebook. You can prefix your DataFrame or variable with # so that JetBrains AI considers it as part of the context. 

Summary

JetBrains AI is available inside PyCharm, right where you need it. This release brings many improvements, from writing in natural language inside the editor and running AI-generated Python snippets in the console to generating documentation. 

Remember, if you’re in the gutter, you can start typing in natural language and then press Tab to get AI Assistant to generate the code. If you’re inside a method or function, you need to prefix your natural language query with either ? or $. You can then iterate on the generated code as many times as you like as you build out your new functionality and explore further.

Try JetBrains AI for free

November 19, 2024 03:25 PM UTC

Real Python

Working With TOML and Python

TOML—Tom’s Obvious Minimal Language—is a reasonably new configuration file format that the Python community has embraced over the last couple of years. TOML plays an essential part in the Python ecosystem. Many of your favorite tools rely on TOML for configuration, and you’ll use pyproject.toml when you build and distribute your own packages.

In this video course, you’ll learn more about TOML and how you can use it. In particular, you’ll:

• Learn and understand the syntax of TOML
• Use tomli and tomllib to parse TOML documents
• Use tomli_w to write data structures as TOML
• Use tomlkit when you need more control over your TOML files

[ Improve Your Python With 🐍 Python Tricks 💌 – Get a short & sweet Python Trick delivered to your inbox every couple of days. >> Click here to learn more and see examples ]

November 19, 2024 02:00 PM UTC

Mike Driscoll

How to Debug Your Textual Application

Textual is a great Python package for creating a lightweight, powerful, text-based user interface. That means you can create a GUI in your terminal with Python without learning curses! But what happens when you encounter some problems that require debugging your application? A TUI takes over your terminal, which means you cannot see anything from Python’s print() statement.

Wait? What about your IDE? Can that help? Actually no. When you run a TUI, you need a fully functional terminal to interact with it. PyCharm doesn’t work well with Textual. WingIDE doesn’t even have a terminal emulator. Visual Studio Code also doesn’t work out of the box, although you may be able to make it work with a custom json or yaml file. But what do you do if you can’t figure that out?

That is the crux of the problem and what you will learn about in this tutorial: How to debug Textual applications!

Getting Started

To get the most out of this tutorial, make sure you have installed Textual’s development tools by using the following command:

python -m pip install textual-dev --upgrade

Once you have the latest version of textual-dev installed, you may continue!

Debugging with Developer Mode

When you want to debug a Textual application, you need to open two terminal windows. On Microsoft Windows, you can open two Powershell or two Command Prompts. In the first terminal, run this command:

textual console

The Textual console will listen for any Textual application running in developer mode. But first, you need some kind of application to test with. Open up your favorite Python IDE and create a new file called hello_textual.py. Then enter the following code into it:

from textual.app import App, ComposeResult
from textual.widgets import Button


class WelcomeButton(App):

    def compose(self) -> ComposeResult:
        yield Button("Exit")

    def on_button_pressed(self) -> None:
        self.mount(Button("Other"))


if __name__ == "__main__":
    app = WelcomeButton()
    app.run()

To run a Textual application, use the other terminal you opened earlier. The one that isn’t running Textual Console in it. Then run this command:

textual run --dev hello_textual.py

You will see the following in your terminal:

If you switch over to the other terminal, you will see a lot of output that looks something like this:

Now, if you want to test that you are reaching a part of your code in Textual, you can add a print() function now to your on_button_pressed() method. You can also use self.log.info() which you can read about in the Textual documentation.

Let’s update your code to include some logging:

from textual.app import App, ComposeResult
from textual.widgets import Button


class WelcomeButton(App):

    def compose(self) -> ComposeResult:
        yield Button("Exit")
        print("The compose() method was called!")

    def on_button_pressed(self) -> None:
        self.log.info("You pressed a button")
        self.mount(Button("Other"))


if __name__ == "__main__":
    app = WelcomeButton()
    app.run()

Now, when you run this code, you can check your Textual Console for output. The print() statement should be in the Console without you doing anything other than running the code. You must click the button to get the log statement in the Console.

Here is what the log output will look like in the Console:

And here is an example of what you get when you print() to the Console:

There’s not much difference here, eh? Either way, you get the information you need and if you need to print out Python objects, this can be a handy debugging tool.

If you find the output in the Console to be too verbose, you can use -x or --exclude to exclude log groups. Here’s an example:

textual console -x SYSTEM -x EVENT -x DEBUG -x INFO

In this version of the Textual Console, you are suppressing SYSTEM, EVENT, DEBUG, and INFO messages.

Launch your code from earlier and you will see that the output in your Console is greatly reduced:

Now, let’s learn how to use notification as a debugging tool.

Debugging with Notification

If you like using print() statements then you will love that Textual’s App() class provides a notify() method. You can call it anywhere in your application using self.app.notify() , along with a message. If you are in your App class, you can reduce the call to simply self.notify().

Let’s take the example from earlier and update it to use the notify method instead:

from textual.app import App, ComposeResult
from textual.widgets import Button


class WelcomeButton(App):

    def compose(self) -> ComposeResult:
        yield Button("Exit")

    def on_button_pressed(self) -> None:
        self.mount(Button("Other"))
        self.notify("You pressed the button!")


if __name__ == "__main__":
    app = WelcomeButton()
    app.run()

The notify() method takes the following parameters:

• message – The message you want to display in the notification
• title – An optional title to add to the message
• severity – The message’s severity, which translates to a different color for the notification. You may use “information”, “error” or “warning”
• timeout – The timeout in seconds for how long to show the message

Try editing the notification to use more of these features. For example, you could update the code above to use this instead:

self.notify("You pressed the button!", title="Info Message", severity="error")

Textual’s App class also provides a bell() method you can call to play the system bell. You could add this to really get the user’s attention, assuming they have the system bell enabled on their computer.

Wrapping Up

Debugging your TUI application successfully is a skill. You need to know how to find errors, and Textual’s dev mode makes this easier. While it would be great if a Python IDE had a fully functional terminal built into it, that is a very niche need. So it’s great that Textual included the tooling you need to figure out your code.

Give these tips a try, and you’ll soon be able to debug your Textual applications easily!

The post How to Debug Your Textual Application appeared first on Mouse Vs Python.

November 19, 2024 01:09 PM UTC

Ned Batchelder

Loop targets

I posted a Python tidbit about how for loops can assign to other things than simple variables, and many people were surprised or even concerned:

params = {

    "query": QUERY,

    "page_size": 100,

}



# Get page=0, page=1, page=2, ...

for params["page"] in itertools.count():

    data = requests.get(SEARCH_URL, params).json()

    if not data["results"]:

        break

    ...

This code makes successive GET requests to a URL, with a params dict as the data payload. Each request uses the same data, except the “page” item is 0, then 1, 2, and so on. It has the same effect as if we had written it:

for page_num in itertools.count():

    params["page"] = page_num

    data = requests.get(SEARCH_URL, params).json()

One reply asked if there was a new params dict in each iteration. No, loops in Python do not create a scope, and never make new variables. The loop target is assigned to exactly as if it were an assignment statement.

As a Python Discord helper once described it,

While loops are “if” on repeat. For loops are assignment on repeat.

A loop like for <ANYTHING> in <ITER>: will take successive values from <ITER> and do an assignment exactly as this statement would: <ANYTHING> = <VAL>. If the assignment statement is ok, then the for loop is ok.

We’re used to seeing for loops that do more than a simple assignment:

for i, thing in enumerate(things):

    ...



for x, y, z in zip(xs, ys, zs):

    ...

These work because Python can assign to a number of variables at once:

i, thing = 0, "hello"

x, y, z = 1, 2, 3

Assigning to a dict key (or an attribute, or a property setter, and so on) in a for loop is an example of Python having a few independent mechanisms that combine in uniform ways. We aren’t used to seeing exotic combinations, but you can reason through how they would behave, and you would be right.

You can assign to a dict key in an assignment statement, so you can assign to it in a for loop. You might decide it’s too unusual to use, but it is possible and it works.

November 19, 2024 10:40 AM UTC

Zato Blog

IMAP and OAuth2 Integrations with Microsoft 365

IMAP and OAuth2 Integrations with Microsoft 365

2024-11-19, by Dariusz Suchojad

Overview

This is the first in a series of articles about automation of and integrations with Microsoft 365 cloud products using Python and Zato.

We start off with IMAP automation by showing how to create a scheduled Python service that periodically pulls latest emails from Outlook using OAuth2-based connections.

IMAP and OAuth2

Microsoft 365 requires for all IMAP connections to use OAuth2. This can be challenging to configure in server-side automation and orchestration processes so Zato offers an easy way that lets you read and send emails without a need for getting into low-level OAuth2 details.

Consider a common orchestration scenario - a business partner sends automated emails with attachments that need to be parsed, some information needs to be extracted and processed accordingly.

Before OAuth2, an automation process would receive from Azure administrators a dedicated IMAP account with a username and password.

Now, however, in addition to creating an IMAP account, administrators will need to create and configure a few more resources that the orchestration service will use. Note that the password to the IMAP account will never be used.

Administrators need to:

• Register an Azure client app representing your service that uses IMAP
• Grant this app a couple of Microsoft Graph application permissions:
• Mail.ReadWrite
• Mail.Send

Next, administrators need to give you a few pieces of information about the app:

• Application (client) ID
• Tenant (directory) ID
• Client secret

Additionally, you still need to receive the IMAP username (an e-mail address). It is just that you do not need its corresponding password.

In Dashboard

The first step is to create a new connection in your Zato Dashboard - this will establish an OAuth2-using connection that Zato will manage and your Python code will not have to do anything else, all the underlying OAuth2 tokens will keep refreshing as needed, the platform will take care of everything.

Having received the configuration details from Azure administrators, you can open your Zato Dashboard and navigate to IMAP connections:

Fill out the form as below, choosing "Microsoft 365" as the server type. The other type, "Generic IMAP" is used for the classical case of IMAP with a username and password:

Change the secret and click Ping to confirm that the connection is configured correctly:

In Python

Use the code below to receive emails. Note that it merely needs to refer to a connection definition by its name and there is no need for any usage of OAuth2 here:

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

# Zato
from zato.server.service import Service

class MyService(Service):

    def handle(self):

        # Connect to a Microsoft 365 IMAP connection by its name ..
        conn = self.email.imap.get('My Automation').conn

        # .. get all messages matching filter criteria ("unread" by default)..
        for msg_id, msg in conn.get():

            # .. and access each of them.
            self.logger.info(msg.data)

This is everything that is needed for integrations with IMAP using Microsoft 365 although we can still go further. For instance, to create a scheduled job to periodically invoke the service, go to the Scheduler job in Dashboard:

In this case, we decide to have a job that runs once per hour:

As expected, clicking OK will suffice for the job to start in background. It is as simple as that.

More resources

➤ Python API integration tutorial
➤ What is an integration platform?
➤ Python Integration platform as a Service (iPaaS)
➤ What is an Enterprise Service Bus (ESB)? What is SOA?

November 19, 2024 08:00 AM UTC

November 18, 2024

PyCharm

JetBrains AI Assistant 2024.3 is here! A highlight of this release is the flexibility to choose your preferred chat model. Select between Google Gemini, OpenAI, or local models to tailor interactions for a more customized experience. 

This update also brings advanced code completion for all major programming languages, improved context management, and the ability to generate inline prompts directly within the editor.

More control over your chat experience: Choose between Gemini, OpenAI, and local models 

You can now select your preferred AI chat model, choosing from cloud model providers like Google Gemini and OpenAI, or connect to local models. This expanded selection allows you to customize the AI chat’s responses to your specific workflow, offering a more adaptable and personalized experience. 

Google’s Gemini models now available

The lineup of LLMs used by JetBrains AI now includes Gemini 1.5 Pro 002 and Flash 002. These models are designed to deliver advanced reasoning capabilities and optimized performance for a wide range of tasks. The Pro version excels in complex applications, while Flash is tailored for high-volume, low-latency scenarios. Now, AI Assistant users can leverage the power of Gemini models alongside our in-house Mellum and OpenAI options.

Local model support via Ollama

In addition to cloud-based models, you can now connect the AI chat to local models available through Ollama. This is particularly useful for users who need more control over their AI models, offering enhanced privacy, flexibility, and the ability to run models on local hardware.

To add an Ollama model to the chat you need to enable Ollama support in AI Assistant’s settings and configure the connection to your Ollama instance. 

Improved context management

In this update, we’ve made context handling in AI Assistant more transparent and intuitive. A revamped UI lets you view and manage every element included as context, providing full visibility and control. The open file and any selected code within it are now automatically added to the context, and you can easily add or remove files as needed, customizing the context to fit your workflow. Additionally, you can attach project-wide instructions to guide AI Assistant’s responses throughout your codebase.

Cloud code completion with broader language support

JetBrains has released its own large language model (LLM) model, Mellum, specifically designed to enhance cloud-based code completion for developers. This new model, specialized for coding tasks, has expanded support for several new languages, including JavaScript, TypeScript, HTML, C#, C, C++, Go, PHP, Scala, and Ruby. Now, the code completion experience is unified across JetBrains IDEs, offering syntax highlighting for suggested code, the flexibility to accept suggestions token by token or line by line, and overall reduced latency.

Local code completion enhancements: Multi-line support for Python and contextual improvements

Local code completion has significantly improved, now offering multi-line suggestions for Python. Additionally, optimizations have been made across other programming languages. For Kotlin, retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) enables the model to pull information from multiple project files, ensuring the most relevant suggestions. The support for JavaScript, TypeScript, and CSS has also seen enhancements to their existing RAG functionality. Furthermore, local code completion has been introduced for HTML.

These improvements mean that suggestions appear faster across all languages, creating a more seamless coding experience. Best of all, local code completion is included for free in your IDE, allowing you to start utilizing these powerful features immediately.

Streamlined in-editor experience with inline AI prompts

The new inline AI prompt feature in AI Assistant introduces a direct way to enter your prompts right in the editor. Just start typing your request in natural language and the AI Assistant will recognize it and generate a suggestion. Inline AI prompts are context-aware, automatically including related files and symbols for more accurate code generation. This feature supports Java, Kotlin, Scala, Groovy, JavaScript, TypeScript, Python, JSON, YAML, PHP, Ruby, and Go file formats, and is available to all AI Assistant users.

We also improved the visibility of changes applied. There is now a purple mark in the gutter next to lines changed by AI Assistant, so you can easily see what has been updated.

Make multiple file-wide updates easily

AI Assistant now offers file-wide code generation, enabling streamlined edits across an entire file. This functionality allows for modifications across multiple code sections, including adding necessary imports, updating references, and defining missing declarations.Currently available for Java and Kotlin, it is triggered by the Generate Code action when no specific selection is made in the editor, offering a seamless experience for broad, file-wide adjustments.

Get instant answers about IDE features and settings in AI Chat

Say goodbye to searching through settings or documentation! With the new /docs command, you can now access documentation-based answers directly in the AI chat. Simply ask AI Assistant about a feature, and it will provide interactive step-by-step guidance.

AI-powered quick-fix for faster error resolution

When a JetBrains IDE inspection flags a problem – whether it’s a syntax error, missing import, or something else – it suggests a quick-fix directly within the editor. With the latest update, Fix with AI takes this a step further. This new capability uses AI context awareness to suggest fixes that are more precise and applicable to your specific coding context, making it faster and easier to resolve coding problems without any manual input.

Explore AI Assistant and share your feedback

Explore these updates and let AI Assistant streamline your development workflow even further. As always, we look forward to hearing your feedback. You can also tell us about your experience via the Share your feedback link in the AI Assistant tool window or by submitting feature requests or bug reports in YouTrack.

Happy developing!

November 18, 2024 07:41 PM UTC

Python Morsels

Python's pathlib module

Python's pathlib module is the tool to use for working with file paths. See pathlib quick reference tables and examples.

>>> from pathlib import Path
>>> path = Path("/home/trey/proj/readme.md")
>>> relative = Path("readme.md")
>>> base = Path("/home/trey/proj")
>>> new = Path("/home/trey/proj/sub")
>>> home = Path("/home/")
>>> target = path.with_suffix(".txt")  # .md -> .txt
>>> pattern = "*.md"
>>> name = "sub/f.txt"

Read the full article: https://www.pythonmorsels.com/pathlib-module/

November 18, 2024 05:00 PM UTC

Real Python

Interacting With Python

There are multiple ways of interacting with Python, and each can be useful for different scenarios. You can quickly explore functionality in Python’s interactive mode using the built-in Read-Eval-Print Loop (REPL), or you can write larger applications to a script file using an editor or Integrated Development Environment (IDE).

In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to:

• Use Python interactively by typing code directly into the interpreter
• Execute code contained in a script file from the command line
• Work within a Python Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
• Assess additional options, such as the Jupyter Notebook and online interpreters

Before working through this tutorial, make sure that you have a functioning Python installation at hand. Once you’re set up with that, it’s time to write some Python code!

Get Your Code: Click here to get the free sample code that you’ll use to learn about interacting with Python.

Take the Quiz: Test your knowledge with our interactive “Interacting With Python” quiz. You’ll receive a score upon completion to help you track your learning progress:

---

Interactive Quiz

Interacting With Python

In this quiz, you'll test your understanding of the different ways of interacting with Python. By working through this quiz, you'll revisit key concepts related to Python interaction in interactive mode using the REPL, through Python script files, and within IDEs and code editors.

Hello, World!

There’s a long-standing custom in computer programming that the first code written in a newly installed language is a short program that displays the text Hello, World! to the console.

In Python, running a “Hello, World!” program only takes a single line of code:

Python

print("Hello, World!")

Copied!

Here, print() will display the text Hello, World! in quotes to your screen. In this tutorial, you’ll explore several ways to execute this code.

Running Python in Interactive Mode

The quickest way to start interacting with Python is in a Read-Eval-Print Loop (REPL) environment. This means starting up the interpreter and typing commands to it directly.

When you interact with Python in this way, the interpreter will:

• Read the command you enter
• Evaluate and execute the command
• Print the output (if any) to the console
• Loop back and repeat the process

The interactive session continues like this until you instruct the interpreter to stop. Using Python in this interactive mode is a great way to test short snippets of Python code and get more familiar with the language.

• Windows
• Linux + macOS

When you install Python using an installer, the Start menu shows a program group labeled Python 3.x. The label may vary depending on the particular installation you chose. Click on that item to start the Python interpreter.

Alternatively, you can open your Command Prompt or PowerShell application and type the py command to launch it:

Windows PowerShell

PS> py

Copied!

To start the Python interpreter, open your Terminal application and type python3 to launch it from the command line:

Shell

$ python3

Copied!

If you’re unfamiliar with this application, then you can use your operating system’s search function to find it.

After pressing Enter, you should see a response from the Python interpreter similar to the one below:

Python

Python 3.13.0 (main, Oct 14 2024, 10:34:31) [Clang 15.0.0 (clang-1500.3.9.4)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>>

Copied!

If you’re not seeing the >>> prompt, then you’re not talking to the Python interpreter. This could be because Python is either not installed or not in the path of your terminal window session.

Note: If you need additional help to get to this point, then you can check out the How to Install Python on Your System: A Guide tutorial.

If you’re seeing the prompt, then you’re off and running! With these next steps, you’ll execute the statement that displays "Hello, World!" to the console:

1. Ensure that Python displays the >>> prompt, and that you position your cursor after it.
2. Type the command print("Hello, World!") exactly as shown.
3. Press the Enter key.

Read the full article at https://realpython.com/interacting-with-python/ »

[ Improve Your Python With 🐍 Python Tricks 💌 – Get a short & sweet Python Trick delivered to your inbox every couple of days. >> Click here to learn more and see examples ]

November 18, 2024 02:00 PM UTC

Go Deh

There's the easy way...

Best seen on a larger than landscape phone

Someone blogged about a particular problem:

The solution they blogged used a sort which meant it could not be O(n) in time, but the problem looked good so I gave it some thought.

Sets! sets are O(1) in Python and are good for looking things up.

What if when looking at the inputted numbers, one at a time, you also looked for other ints in the input that would extend the int you have to form a longer  range?  Keep tab of the longest range so far and if you remove ints from the pool as they form ranges, when the pool is empty, you should know the longest range.

I added the printout of the longest range too.

My code

Sample output

Another Algorithm

What if, you kept and extended ranges untill you amassed all ranges then chose the longest? I need to keep the hash lookup. dict key lookup should also be O(1).  What to look up? Look up ints that would extend a range!

If you have an existing (integer) range, say 1..3 inclusive of end points then finding 0 would extend the range to 0..3 or finding one more than the range maximum, 4 would extend the original range to 1..4 

So if you have ranges then they could be extended by finding rangemin - 1 or rangemax +1. I call then extends

If you do find that the next int from the input ints is also an extends value then you need to find the range that it extends, (by lookup), so you can modify that range. - use a dict to map extends to their range and checking if an int is in the extends dict keys should also take O(1) time.

I took that sketch of an algorithm and started to code. It took two evenings to finally get something that worked and I had to work out several details that were trying. The main problem was what about coalescing ranges? if you have ranges 1..2 and 4..5 what happens when you see a 3? the resultant is the single range 1..5. It took particular test cases and extensive debugging to work out that the extends2range mapping should map to potentially more than one range and that you need to combine ranges if two of them are present for any extend value being hit.

So for 1..2 the extends being looked for are 0 and 3. For 4..5 the extends being looked for are 3, again, and 6. The extends2ranges data structure for just this should look like:

The Code #2

Its Output

This second algorithm gives correct results but is harder to develop and explain. It's a testament to my stubbornness as I thought there was a solution there, and debugging was me flexing my skills to keep them honed.

END.

November 18, 2024 10:11 AM UTC

Python Software Foundation

Help power Python and join in the PSF year-end fundraiser & membership drive!

The Python Software Foundation (PSF) is the charitable organization behind Python, dedicated to advancing, supporting, and protecting the Python programming language and the community that sustains it. That mission and cause are more than just words we believe in. Our tiny but mighty team works hard to deliver the projects and services that allow Python to be the thriving, independent, community-driven language it is today. Some of what the PSF does includes producing PyCon US, hosting the Python Packaging Index (PyPI), awarding grants to Python initiatives worldwide, maintaining critical community infrastructure, and more.

To build the future of Python and sustain the thriving community that its users deserve, we need your help. By backing the PSF, you’re investing in Python’s growth and health, and your contributions directly impact the language's future. Is your community, work, or hobby powered by Python? Join this year’s drive and power Python’s future with us by donating or becoming a Supporting Member today.

• Keep Python thriving 
• Support CPython and PyPI progress 
• Increase security across the Python ecosystem 
• Bring the global Python community together 
• Make our community more diverse and robust every year

Highlights from 2024:

• A record-making PyCon US - We produced the 21st PyCon US, in Pittsburgh, US, and online, and it was a huge success! For the first time post-2020, PyCon US 2024 sold out with over 2,500 in-person attendees.
• Advances in our Grants Program - 2024 has been a year of change and reflection for the Grants Program, starting with the addition of Marie Nordin to the grants administration team who has supported the PSF in launching several new grants initiatives. We set up Grants Program Office Hours, published a Grants Program Transparency Report for 2022 and 2024, invested in a third-party retrospective, launched a major refresh of all areas of our Grants program and updated our Grants Workgroup Charter. With more changes to come, we are thrilled to share that we awarded a record-breaking amount of grant funds in 2024!
• Empowering the Python community through Fiscal Sponsorship - We are proud to continue supporting our 20 fiscal sponsoree organizations with their initiatives and events all year round. The PSF provides 501(c)(3) tax-exempt status to fiscal sponsorees such as PyLadies and Pallets, and provides back office support so they can focus on their missions. Consider donating to your favorite PSF Fiscal Sponsoree and check out our Fiscal Sponsorees page to learn more about what each of these awesome organizations is all about!
• Connecting directly through Office Hours - The current PSF Board has decided to invest more in connecting and serving the global Python community by establishing a forum to have regular conversations. The board members of the PSF with the support of PSF staff are now holding monthly PSF Board Office Hours on the PSF Discord. The Office Hours are sessions where folks from the community can share with us how we can help your regional community, express perspectives, and provide feedback for the PSF.
• Paying more engineers to work directly on Python, PyPI, and security - We welcomed Petr Viktorin, Deputy Developer in Residence (DiR), and Serhiy Storchaka, Supporting DiR. It’s been exciting to begin to realize the full vision of the DiR program, with special thanks to Bloomberg for making it possible for us to bring Petr on board. The DiR team is taking an active role in shaping the development of the language, and with three people on the team each DiR can now also spend a percentage of their time on feature work aligned with their interests.
• Continuing to enhance Python’s security through Developers-in-Residence - Seth Larson, PSF Security Developer in Residence (DiR) had a busy year thanks to continued support from Alpha-Omega. Seth worked on a variety of projects including the creation of SBOMs for Source and Windows CPython artifacts, implementing build reproducibility for CPython source artifacts, and auditing and migrating Sigstore, to name just a few. Check out Seth's blog to keep up to date with his work. Mike Fiedler, PyPI Safety & Security Engineer, also worked on a variety of projects such as two-factor authentication for all users on PyPI, an audit of PyPI, made significant progress on malware response and reporting, collaborated on the PSF’s submission for the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA)’s Request for Information (RFI), and more! Thanks to AWS and Georgetown for making Mike’s PyPI security accomplishments possible. Stay up to date with Mike's work on the PyPI blog.
• New PSF Staff dedicated to critical infrastructure - We established the PyPI Support Specialist role, filled by Maria Ashna. Over the past 23 years, PyPI has seen essentially exponential growth in traffic and users, relying for the most part on volunteers to support it. The load far outstretched volunteers and prior staff capacity, so we are very excited to have Maria on board. We also filled our Infrastructure Engineer role, welcoming Jacob Coffee to the team, to ensure PSF-maintained systems and services are running smoothly.
  

We appreciate you and we’re so excited to see where we can go together in the year to come!

November 18, 2024 09:56 AM UTC

Python Bytes

#410 Entering the Django core

<strong>Topics covered in this episode:</strong><br> <ul> <li><strong><a href="https://buttondown.com/carlton/archive/thoughts-on-djangos-core/?featured_on=pythonbytes">Thoughts on Django’s Core</a></strong></li> <li><strong><a href="https://pypi.org/project/futurepool/?featured_on=pythonbytes">futurepool</a></strong></li> <li><strong><a href="https://snarky.ca/dont-use-named-tuples-in-new-apis/?featured_on=pythonbytes">Don't return named tuples in new APIs</a></strong></li> <li><strong><a href="https://ziglang.org/news/migrate-to-self-hosting/?featured_on=pythonbytes">Ziglang: Migrating from AWS to Self-Hosting</a></strong></li> <li><strong>Extras</strong></li> <li><strong>Joke</strong></li> </ul><a href='https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j-q31u9G3Ds' style='font-weight: bold;'data-umami-event="Livestream-Past" data-umami-event-episode="410">Watch on YouTube</a><br> <p><strong>About the show</strong></p> <p>Sponsored by us! Support our work through:</p> <ul> <li>Our <a href="https://training.talkpython.fm/?featured_on=pythonbytes"><strong>courses at Talk Python Training</strong></a></li> <li><a href="https://courses.pythontest.com/p/the-complete-pytest-course?featured_on=pythonbytes"><strong>The Complete pytest Course</strong></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.patreon.com/pythonbytes"><strong>Patreon Supporters</strong></a></li> </ul> <p><strong>Connect with the hosts</strong></p> <ul> <li>Michael: <a href="https://fosstodon.org/@mkennedy"><strong>@mkennedy@fosstodon.org</strong></a> <strong>/</strong> <a href="https://bsky.app/profile/mkennedy.codes?featured_on=pythonbytes"><strong>@mkennedy.codes</strong></a></li> <li>Brian: <a href="https://fosstodon.org/@brianokken"><strong>@brianokken@fosstodon.org</strong></a> <strong>/</strong> <a href="https://bsky.app/profile/brianokken.bsky.social?featured_on=pythonbytes"><strong>@brianokken.bsky.social</strong></a></li> <li>Show: <a href="https://fosstodon.org/@pythonbytes"><strong>@pythonbytes@fosstodon.org</strong></a> <strong>/</strong> <a href="https://bsky.app/profile/pythonbytes.bsky.social"><strong>@pythonbytes.bsky.social</strong></a></li> </ul> <p>Join us on YouTube at <a href="https://pythonbytes.fm/stream/live"><strong>pythonbytes.fm/live</strong></a> to be part of the audience. Usually <strong>Monday</strong> at 10am PT. Older video versions available there too.</p> <p>Finally, if you want an artisanal, hand-crafted digest of every week of the show notes in email form? Add your name and email to <a href="https://pythonbytes.fm/friends-of-the-show">our friends of the show list</a>, we'll never share it. </p> <p><strong>Brian #1:</strong> <a href="https://buttondown.com/carlton/archive/thoughts-on-djangos-core/?featured_on=pythonbytes">Thoughts on Django’s Core</a></p> <ul> <li>Carlton Gibson</li> <li>Great discussion on <ul> <li>Django and Core vs Plugins</li> <li>Sustainability with limited people</li> <li>Keeping core small</li> <li>The release cycle</li> <li>eembrace plugins vs endorsing plugins.</li> </ul></li> </ul> <p><strong>Michael #2:</strong> <a href="https://pypi.org/project/futurepool/?featured_on=pythonbytes">futurepool</a></p> <ul> <li>via Pat Decker</li> <li>Takes the concept of multiprocessing Pool to the async/await world.</li> <li><p>Create a pool then delegate the work:</p> <pre><code>async with FuturePool(2) as fp: result = await fp.map(async_pool_fn, range(10)) </code></pre></li> <li><p>I would LOVE to see something like this in a broader background asyncio worker pool concept.</p></li> <li>But that concept doesn’t exist in asyncio in Python and that’s a failing of the framework IMO.</li> </ul> <p><strong>Brian #3:</strong> <a href="https://snarky.ca/dont-use-named-tuples-in-new-apis/?featured_on=pythonbytes">Don't return named tuples in new APIs</a></p> <ul> <li>Brett Cannon</li> <li>First off, I’m grateful for any post that talks about APIs and the API is a module, class, or package API and not a Web/REST API. The term API existed long before the internet.</li> <li>“e.g., get_mouse_position() very likely has a two-item tuple of X and Y coordinates of the screen”</li> <li>“it actually makes your API more complex for both you and your users <em>to use</em>. For you, it doubles the data access API surface for your return type as you have to now support index-based and attribute-based data access forever (or until you choose to break your users and change your return type so it doesn't support both approaches)”</li> <li>“… you probably don't want people doing with your return type, like slicing, iterating over all the items …”</li> <li>Alternatives <ul> <li>class</li> <li>dataclass</li> <li>dictionary</li> <li>TypedDict</li> <li>SimpleNamespace</li> </ul></li> <li>“My key point in all of this is to prefer readability and ergonomics over brevity in your code. That means avoiding named tuples except where you are expanding to tweaking an existing API where the named tuple improves over the plain tuple that's already being used.”</li> </ul> <p><strong>Michael #4:</strong> <a href="https://ziglang.org/news/migrate-to-self-hosting/?featured_on=pythonbytes">Ziglang: Migrating from AWS to Self-Hosting</a></p> <ul> <li>The Rust Foundation for example, reports that they spent $404,400 on infrastructure costs in 2023.</li> <li>Zig lang has decided to use a single big cloud machine + mirrors</li> </ul> <p><strong>Extras</strong> </p> <p>Brian:</p> <ul> <li>Changing the Python Test community <ul> <li>Was started to answer questions for Test &amp; Code listeners years ago. </li> <li>Primarily pytest questions</li> <li>Used to be Slack. Then moved to Podia forum. </li> <li>Now I’m trying to work out a Discord solution that is both sustainable and usable.</li> </ul></li> </ul> <p>Michael:</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://bsky.app/profile/wang.social/post/3lb346uyzdc2r?featured_on=pythonbytes">PWang Bsky essay</a></li> <li><a href="https://theworkitem.com/blog/building-a-business-from-python-expertise-michael-kennedy/?featured_on=pythonbytes">Building A Business From Python Expertise - Michael Kennedy on Work Item Podcast</a></li> <li>Subscribe to package releases, just put .atom on the end of their releases URL, for example: <ul> <li><a href="https://github.com/mikeckennedy/jinja_partials/releases?featured_on=pythonbytes">github.com/mikeckennedy/jinja_partials/releases</a> ← add .atom for RSS</li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://pypi.org/project/pytest-bdd/8.0.0/#data">pytest-bdd 8.0.0</a> was just released via Jamie Thomson <ul> <li>The big feature (in Jamie’s opinion) is the addition of data tables https://github.com/pytest-dev/pytest-bdd/blob/master/CHANGES.rst#800---2024-11-14</li> </ul></li> </ul> <p><strong>Joke:</strong> <a href="https://devhumor.com/media/breaking-javascript-developer-commits-to-framework-for-record-breaking-3-weeks?featured_on=pythonbytes">Breaking: JavaScript Developer Commits to Framework for Record-Breaking 3 Weeks</a></p>

November 18, 2024 08:00 AM UTC

James Bennett

Introducing DjangoVer

Version numbering is hard, and there are lots of popular schemes out there for how to do it. Today I want to talk about a system I’ve settled on for my own Django-related packages, and which I’m calling “DjangoVer”, because it ties the version number of a Django-related package to the latest Django version that package supports.

But one quick note to start with: this is not really “introducing” the idea of DjangoVer, because I know I’ve used the name a few times already in other places. I’m also not the person who invented this, and I don’t know for certain who did — I’ve seen several packages which appear to follow some form of DjangoVer and took inspiration from them in defining my own take on it.

Django’s version scheme: an overview

The basic idea of DjangoVer is that the version number of a Django-related package should tell you which version of Django you can use it with. Which probably doesn’t help much if you don’t know how Django releases are numbered, so let’s start there. In brief:

• Django issues a “feature release” — one which introduces new features — roughly once every eight months. The current feature release series of Django is 5.1.
• Django issues “bugfix releases” — which fix bugs in one or more feature releases — roughly once each month. As I write this, the latest bugfix release for the 5.1 feature release series is 5.1.3 (along with Django 5.0.9 for the 5.0 feature release series, and Django 4.2.16 for the 4.2 feature release series).
• The version number scheme is MAJOR.FEATURE.BUGFIX, where MAJOR, FEATURE, and BUGFIX are integers.
• The FEATURE component starts at 0, then increments to 1, then to 2, then MAJOR is incremented and FEATURE goes back to 0. BUGFIX starts at 0 with each new feature release, and increments for the bugfix releases for that feature release.
• Every feature release whose FEATURE component is 2 is a long-term support (“LTS”) release.

This has been in effect since Django 2.0 was released, and the feature releases have been: 2.0, 2.1, 2.2 (LTS); 3.0, 3.1, 3.2 (LTS); 4.0, 4.1, 4.2 (LTS); 5.0, 5.1. Django 5.2 (LTS) is expected in April 2025, and then eight months later (if nothing is changed) will come Django 6.0.

I’ll talk more about SemVer in a bit, but it’s worth being crystal clear that Django does not follow Semantic Versioning, and the MAJOR number is not a signal about API compatibility. Instead, API compatibility runs LTS-to-LTS, with a simple principle: if your code runs on a Django LTS release and raises no deprecation warnings, it will run unmodified on the next LTS release. So, for example, if you have an application that runs without deprecation warnings on Django 4.2 LTS, it will run unmodified on Django 5.2 LTS (though at that point it might begin raising new deprecation warnings, and you’d need to clear them before it would be safe to upgrade any further).

DjangoVer, defined

In DjangoVer, a Django-related package has a version number of the form DJANGO_MAJOR.DJANGO_FEATURE.PACKAGE_VERSION, where DJANGO_MAJOR and DJANGO_FEATURE indicate the most recent feature release series of Django supported by the package, and PACKAGE_VERSION begins at zero and increments by one with each release of the package supporting that feature release of Django.

Since the version number only indicates the newest Django feature release supported, a package using DjangoVer should also use Python package classifiers to indicate the full range of its Django support (such as Framework :: Django :: 5.1 to indicate support for Django 5.1 — see examples on PyPI).

But while Django takes care to maintain compatibility from one LTS to the next, I do not think DjangoVer packages need to do that; they can use the simpler approach of issuing deprecation warnings for two releases, and then making the breaking change. One of the stated reasons for Django’s LTS-to-LTS compatibility policy is to help third-party packages have an easier time supporting Django releases that people are actually likely to use; otherwise, Django itself generally just follows the “deprecate for two releases, then remove it” pattern. No matter what compatibility policy is chosen, however, it should be documented clearly, since DjangoVer explicitly does not attempt to provide any information about API stability/compatibility in the version number.

That’s a bit wordy, so let’s try an example:

• If you started a new Django-related package today, you’d (hopefully) support the most recent Django feature release, which is 5.1. So the DjangoVer version of your package should be 5.1.0.
• As long as Django 5.1 is the newest Django feature release you support, you’d increment the third digit of the version number. As you add features or fix bugs you’d release 5.1.1, 5.1.2, etc.
• When Django 5.2 comes out next year, you’d (hopefully) add support for it. When you do, you’d set your package’s version number to 5.2.0. This would be followed by 5.2.1, 5.2.2, etc., and then eight months later by 6.0.0 to support Django 6.0.
• If version 5.1.0 of your package supports Django 5.1, 5.0, and 4.2 (the feature releases receiving upstream support from Django at the time of the 5.1 release), it should indicate that by including the Framework :: Django, Framework :: Django :: 4.2, Framework :: Django :: 5.0, and Framework :: Django :: 5.1 classifiers in its package metadata.

Why another version system?

Some of you probably didn’t even read this far before rushing to instantly post the XKCD “Standards” comic as a reply. Thank you in advance for letting the rest of us know we don’t need to bother listening to or engaging with you. For everyone else: here’s why I think in this case adding yet another “standard” is actually a good idea.

The elephant in the room here is Semantic Versioning (“SemVer”). Others have written about some of the problems with SemVer, but I’ll add my own two cents here: “compatibility” is far too complex and nebulous a concept to be usefully encoded in a simple value like a version number. And if you want my really cynical take, the actual point of SemVer in practice is to protect developers of software from users, by providing endless loopholes and ways to say “sure, this change broke your code, but that doesn’t count as a breaking change”. It’ll turn out that the developer had a different interpretation of the documentation than you did, or that the API contract was “underspecified” and now has been “clarified”, or they’ll just throw their hands up, yell “Hyrum’s Law” and say they can’t possibly be expected to preserve that behavior.

A lot of this is rooted in the belief that changes, and especially breaking changes, are inherently bad and shameful, and that if you introduce them you’re a bad developer who should be ashamed. Which is, frankly, bullshit. Useful software almost always evolves and changes over time, and it’s unrealistic to expect it not to. I wrote about this a few years back in the context of the Python 2/3 transition:

Though there is one thing I think gets overlooked a lot: usually, the anti-Python-3 argument is presented as the desire of a particular company, or project, or person, to stand still and buck the trend of the world to be ever-changing.

But really they’re asking for the inverse of that. Rather than being a fixed point in a constantly-changing world, what they really seem to want is to be the only ones still moving in a world that has become static around them. If only the Python team would stop fiddling with the language! If only the maintainers of popular frameworks would stop evolving their APIs! Then we could finally stop worrying about our dependencies and get on with our real work! Of course, it’s logically impossible for each one of those entities to be the sole mover in a static world, but pointing that out doesn’t always go well.

But that’s a rant for another day and another full post all its own. For now it’s enough to just say I don’t believe SemVer can ever deliver on what it promises. So where does that leave us?

Well, if the version number can’t tell you whether it’s safe to upgrade from one version to another, perhaps it can still tell you something useful. And for me, when I’m evaluating a piece of third-party software for possible use, one of the most important things I want to know is: is someone actually maintaining this? There are lots of potential signals to look for, but some version schemes — like CalVer — can encode this into the version number. Want to know if the software’s maintained? With CalVer you can guess a package’s maintenance status, with pretty good accuracy, from a glance at the version number.

Over the course of this year I’ve been transitioning all my personal non-Django packages to CalVer for precisely this reason. Compatibility, again, is something I think can’t possibly be encoded into a version number, but “someone’s keeping an eye on this” can be. Even if I’m not adding features to something, Python itself does a new version every year and I’ll push a new release to explicitly mark compatibility (as I did recently for the release of Python 3.13). That’ll bump the version number and let anyone who takes a quick glance at it know I’m still there and paying attention to the package.

For packages meant to be used with Django, though, the version number can usefully encode another piece of information: not just “is someone maintaining this”, but “can I use this with my Django installation”. And that is what DjangoVer is about: telling you at a glance the maintenance and Django compatibility status of a package.

DjangoVer in practice

All of my own personal Django-related packages are now using DjangoVer, and say so in their documentation. If I start any new Django-related projects they’ll do the same thing.

A quick scroll through PyPI turns up other packages doing something that looks similar; django-cockroachdb and django-snowflake, for example, versioned their Django 5.1 packages as “5.1”, and explicitly say in their READMEs to install a package version corresponding to the Django version you use (they also have a maintainer in common, who I suspect of having been an early inventor of what I’m now calling “DjangoVer”).

If you maintain a Django-related package, I’d encourage you to at least think about adopting some form of DjangoVer, too. I won’t say it’s the best, period, because something better could always come along, but in terms of information that can be usefully encoded into the version number, I think DjangoVer is the best option I’ve seen for Django-related packages.

November 18, 2024 02:04 AM UTC

Armin Ronacher

Playground Wisdom: Threads Beat Async/Await

It's been a few years since I wrote about my challenges with async/await-based systems and how they just seem to not support back pressure well. A few years later, I do not think that this problem has subsided much, but my thinking and understanding have perhaps evolved a bit. I'm now convinced that async/await is, in fact, a bad abstraction for most languages, and we should be aiming for something better instead and that I believe to be thread.

In this post, I'm also going to rehash many arguments from very clever people that came before me. Nothing here is new, I just hope to bring it to a new group of readers. In particular, you should really consider these who highly influential pieces:

• Bob Nystrom's What Color is Your Function post, which makes a very strong case that having two types of functions, which are only compatible in one direction, causes problems.
• Ron Pressler's Please stop polluting our imperative languages with pure concepts which I think is probably the single most important talk on that topic.
• Nathaniel J. Smith's Notes on structured concurrency, or: Go statement considered harmful which does a really good job laying out the motivation for structured concurrency.

def move_mouse():
    while mouse.x < 200:
        mouse.x += 5
        sleep(10)

def move_cat():
    while cat.x < 200:
        cat.x += 10
        sleep(10)

move_mouse()
move_cat()

function moveMouseBlocking() {
  while (mouse.x < 200) {
    mouse.x += 5;
    sleep(10);  // a blocking sleep
  }
}

function moveMouseAsync() {
  return new Promise((resolve) => {
    function iterate() {
      if (mouse.x < 200) {
        mouse.x += 5;
        sleep(10).then(iterate);  // non blocking sleep
      } else {
        resolve();
      }
    }
    iterate();
  });
}

async function moveMouseAsync() {
  while (mouse.x < 200) {
    mouse.x += 5;
    await sleep(10);
  }
}

let neverSettle = new Promise((resolve) => {
  // this function ends, but we never called resolve
});

const semaphore = new Semaphore(10);

async function execute(f) {
  let token = await semaphore.acquire();
  try {
    await f();
  } finally {
    await semaphore.release(token);
  }
}

def decode_object(idx):
    header = indexes[idx]
    object_buf = buffer[header.start:header.start + header.size]
    return brotli.decompress(object_buf)

November 18, 2024 12:00 AM UTC

November 17, 2024

Django Weblog

2025 DSF Board Election Results

The 2025 DSF Board Election has closed, and the following candidates have been elected:

• Abigail Gbadago
• Jeff Triplett
• Paolo Melchiorre
• Tom Carrick

They will all serve two years for their term.

Directors elected for the 2024 DSF Board, Jacob, Sarah, and Thibaud are continuing with one year left to serve on the board.

Therefore, the combined 2025 DSF Board of Directors are:

• Jacob Kaplan-Moss
• Sarah Abderemane
• Thibaud Colas
• Abigail Gbadago*
• Jeff Triplett*
• Paolo Melchiorre*

• Tom Carrick*

• Elected to a two (2) year term

Congratulations to our winners, and a huge thank you to our departing board members Çağıl Uluşahin Sonmez, Chaim Kirby, Kátia Yoshime Nakamura, Katie McLaughlin.

Thank you again to everyone who nominated themselves. Even if you were not successful, you gave our community the chance to make their voices heard in who they wanted to represent them.

November 17, 2024 11:56 PM UTC

Paolo Melchiorre

Thoughts on my election as a DSF board member

My thoughts on my election as a member of the Django Software Foundation (DSF) board of directors.

November 17, 2024 11:00 PM UTC

Real Python

Using the Python zip() Function for Parallel Iteration

>>> dir(__builtins__)
['ArithmeticError', 'AssertionError', 'AttributeError', ..., 'zip']

>>> numbers = [1, 2, 3]
>>> letters = ["a", "b", "c"]
>>> zipped = zip(numbers, letters)
>>> zipped  # Holds an iterator object
<zip object at 0x7fa4831153c8>

>>> type(zipped)
<class 'zip'>

>>> list(zipped)
[(1, 'a'), (2, 'b'), (3, 'c')]

>>> s1 = {2, 3, 1}
>>> s2 = {"b", "a", "c"}
>>> list(zip(s1, s2))
[(1, 'a'), (2, 'c'), (3, 'b')]

>>> zipped = zip()
>>> zipped
<zip object at 0x7f196294a488>

>>> list(zipped)
[]

Read the full article at https://realpython.com/python-zip-function/ »

[ Improve Your Python With 🐍 Python Tricks 💌 – Get a short & sweet Python Trick delivered to your inbox every couple of days. >> Click here to learn more and see examples ]

November 17, 2024 02:00 PM UTC

Test and Code

223: Writing Stuff Down is a Super Power

Taking notes well can help to listen better, remember things, show respect, be more accountable, free up mind space to solve problems.

This episode discusses

• the benefits of writing things down
• preparing for a meeting
• taking notes in meetings
• reviewing notes for action items, todo items, things to follow up on, etc.
• taking notes to allow for better focus
• writing well structured emails
• writing blog posts and books

 Learn pytest

• pytest is the number one test framework for Python.
• Learn the basics super fast with Hello, pytest!
• Then later you can become a pytest expert with The Complete pytest Course
• Both courses are at courses.pythontest.com

November 17, 2024 01:55 AM UTC

November 16, 2024

Real Python

Using the len() Function in Python

>>> help(len)
Help on built-in function len in module builtins:
len(obj, /)
    Return the number of items in a container.

>>> greeting = "Good Day!"
>>> len(greeting)
9

>>> office_days = ["Tuesday", "Thursday", "Friday"]
>>> len(office_days)
3

>>> london_coordinates = (51.50722, -0.1275)
>>> len(london_coordinates)
2

>>> len("")
0
>>> len([])
0
>>> len(())
0

>>> len(range(1, 20, 2))
10

Read the full article at https://realpython.com/len-python-function/ »

[ Improve Your Python With 🐍 Python Tricks 💌 – Get a short & sweet Python Trick delivered to your inbox every couple of days. >> Click here to learn more and see examples ]

November 16, 2024 02:00 PM UTC

November 15, 2024

Real Python

The Real Python Podcast – Episode #228: Maintaining the Foundations of Python & Cautionary Tales

How do you build a sustainable open-source project and community? What lessons can be learned from Python's history and the current mess that the WordPress community is going through? This week on the show, we speak with Paul Everitt from JetBrains about navigating open-source funding and the start of the Python Software Foundation.

[ Improve Your Python With 🐍 Python Tricks 💌 – Get a short & sweet Python Trick delivered to your inbox every couple of days. >> Click here to learn more and see examples ]

November 15, 2024 12:00 PM UTC

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