Planet Python

Last update: April 17, 2026 01:44 AM UTC

April 16, 2026

Talk Python to Me

#545: OWASP Top 10 (2025 List) for Python Devs

The OWASP Top 10 just got a fresh update, and there are some big changes: supply chain attacks, exceptional condition handling, and more. Tanya Janca is back on Talk Python to walk us through every single one of them. And we're not just talking theory, we're going to turn Claude Code loose on a real open source project and see what it finds. Let's do it.<br/> <br/> <strong>Episode sponsors</strong><br/> <br/> <a href='https://talkpython.fm/temporal-replay'>Temporal</a><br> <a href='https://talkpython.fm/training'>Talk Python Courses</a><br/> <br/> <h2 class="links-heading mb-4">Links from the show</h2> <div><strong>DevSec Station Podcast</strong>: <a href="https://www.devsecstation.com/?featured_on=talkpython" target="_blank" >www.devsecstation.com</a><br/> <strong>SheHacksPurple Newsletter</strong>: <a href="https://newsletter.shehackspurple.ca/?featured_on=talkpython" target="_blank" >newsletter.shehackspurple.ca</a><br/> <strong>owasp.org</strong>: <a href="https://owasp.org?featured_on=talkpython" target="_blank" >owasp.org</a><br/> <strong>owasp.org/Top10/2025</strong>: <a href="https://owasp.org/Top10/2025/?featured_on=talkpython" target="_blank" >owasp.org</a><br/> <strong>from here</strong>: <a href="https://github.com/awesome-selfhosted/awesome-selfhosted?featured_on=talkpython" target="_blank" >github.com</a><br/> <strong>Kinto</strong>: <a href="https://github.com/Kinto/kinto?featured_on=talkpython" target="_blank" >github.com</a><br/> <strong>A01:2025 - Broken Access Control</strong>: <a href="https://owasp.org/Top10/2025/A01_2025-Broken_Access_Control/?featured_on=talkpython" target="_blank" >owasp.org</a><br/> <strong>A02:2025 - SecuA02 Security Misconfiguration</strong>: <a href="https://owasp.org/Top10/2025/A02_2025-Security_Misconfiguration/?featured_on=talkpython" target="_blank" >owasp.org</a><br/> <strong>ASP.NET</strong>: <a href="https://ASP.NET?featured_on=talkpython" target="_blank" >ASP.NET</a><br/> <strong>A03:2025 - Software Supply Chain Failures</strong>: <a href="https://owasp.org/Top10/2025/A03_2025-Software_Supply_Chain_Failures/?featured_on=talkpython" target="_blank" >owasp.org</a><br/> <strong>A04:2025 - Cryptographic Failures</strong>: <a href="https://owasp.org/Top10/2025/A04_2025-Cryptographic_Failures/?featured_on=talkpython" target="_blank" >owasp.org</a><br/> <strong>A05:2025 - Injection</strong>: <a href="https://owasp.org/Top10/2025/A05_2025-Injection/?featured_on=talkpython" target="_blank" >owasp.org</a><br/> <strong>A06:2025 - Insecure Design</strong>: <a href="https://owasp.org/Top10/2025/A06_2025-Insecure_Design/?featured_on=talkpython" target="_blank" >owasp.org</a><br/> <strong>A07:2025 - Authentication Failures</strong>: <a href="https://owasp.org/Top10/2025/A07_2025-Authentication_Failures/?featured_on=talkpython" target="_blank" >owasp.org</a><br/> <strong>A08:2025 - Software or Data Integrity Failures</strong>: <a href="https://owasp.org/Top10/2025/A08_2025-Software_or_Data_Integrity_Failures/?featured_on=talkpython" target="_blank" >owasp.org</a><br/> <strong>A09:2025 - Security Logging and Alerting Failures</strong>: <a href="https://owasp.org/Top10/2025/A09_2025-Security_Logging_and_Alerting_Failures/?featured_on=talkpython" target="_blank" >owasp.org</a><br/> <strong>A10 Mishandling of Exceptional Conditions</strong>: <a href="https://owasp.org/Top10/2025/A10_2025-Mishandling_of_Exceptional_Conditions/?featured_on=talkpython" target="_blank" >owasp.org</a><br/> <strong>https://github.com/KeygraphHQ/shannon</strong>: <a href="https://github.com/KeygraphHQ/shannon?featured_on=talkpython" target="_blank" >github.com</a><br/> <strong>anthropic.com/news/mozilla-firefox-security</strong>: <a href="https://www.anthropic.com/news/mozilla-firefox-security?featured_on=talkpython" target="_blank" >www.anthropic.com</a><br/> <strong>generalpurpose.com/the-distillation/claude-mythos-what-it-means-for-your-business</strong>: <a href="https://www.generalpurpose.com/the-distillation/claude-mythos-what-it-means-for-your-business?featured_on=talkpython" target="_blank" >www.generalpurpose.com</a><br/> <strong>Python Example Concepts</strong>: <a href="https://blobs.talkpython.fm/owasp-top-10-2025-python-example-concepts.html" target="_blank" >blobs.talkpython.fm</a><br/> <br/> <strong>Watch this episode on YouTube</strong>: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ffid3jWA0JE" target="_blank" >youtube.com</a><br/> <strong>Episode #545 deep-dive</strong>: <a href="https://talkpython.fm/episodes/show/545/owasp-top-10-2025-list-for-python-devs#takeaways-anchor" target="_blank" >talkpython.fm/545</a><br/> <strong>Episode transcripts</strong>: <a href="https://talkpython.fm/episodes/transcript/545/owasp-top-10-2025-list-for-python-devs" target="_blank" >talkpython.fm</a><br/> <br/> <strong>Theme Song: Developer Rap</strong><br/> <strong>🥁 Served in a Flask 🎸</strong>: <a href="https://talkpython.fm/flasksong" target="_blank" >talkpython.fm/flasksong</a><br/> <br/> <strong>---== Don't be a stranger ==---</strong><br/> <strong>YouTube</strong>: <a href="https://talkpython.fm/youtube" target="_blank" ><i class="fa-brands fa-youtube"></i> youtube.com/@talkpython</a><br/> <br/> <strong>Bluesky</strong>: <a href="https://bsky.app/profile/talkpython.fm" target="_blank" >@talkpython.fm</a><br/> <strong>Mastodon</strong>: <a href="https://fosstodon.org/web/@talkpython" target="_blank" ><i class="fa-brands fa-mastodon"></i> @talkpython@fosstodon.org</a><br/> <strong>X.com</strong>: <a href="https://x.com/talkpython" target="_blank" ><i class="fa-brands fa-twitter"></i> @talkpython</a><br/> <br/> <strong>Michael on Bluesky</strong>: <a href="https://bsky.app/profile/mkennedy.codes?featured_on=talkpython" target="_blank" >@mkennedy.codes</a><br/> <strong>Michael on Mastodon</strong>: <a href="https://fosstodon.org/web/@mkennedy" target="_blank" ><i class="fa-brands fa-mastodon"></i> @mkennedy@fosstodon.org</a><br/> <strong>Michael on X.com</strong>: <a href="https://x.com/mkennedy?featured_on=talkpython" target="_blank" ><i class="fa-brands fa-twitter"></i> @mkennedy</a><br/></div>

April 16, 2026 08:24 PM UTC

Django Weblog

New Technical Governance - request for community feedback

Hello Django community,

The Steering Council is excited to share our proposed new technical governance and ask for your feedback. Last year we suspended the formal voting process of the Steering Council. The updates we’re proposing would bring how we’ve been operating into alignment with the written governance.

From the motivation section:

This is a revisitation of Django's technical governance in which a simplification and reduction was made to make it more approachable to more people. The goals of these changes are the following:

• Make it easier to enact our governance.
• Make it easier for others to understand our governance.
• Make the governance more flexible, allowing more action with less procedure.

You can read DEP 0019 here.

Adoption plan

The goal is to have this governance accepted and in place by 2026-07-01. Our timeline is as follows, but may change depending on feedback.

• 2026-04-16: Announce new technical governance, solicit feedback
• 2026-05-07: Merge in minor feedback changes
• 2026-05-28: Resolve major feedback concerns
• 2026-06-11: Steering Council and DSF Board vote on and approve DEP

What we need from you

We would like to know if we are achieving our goals with this document. For example, do you feel that this makes our governance easier to understand, do you feel like you have a better understanding of who is eligible to run for the Steering Council, is it clear how Django operates from a process perspective?

Beyond that, if you have other feedback around the changes, please share it. This has gone through a high degree of review from the Steering Council and Board over the past 5 months, but that doesn’t mean there aren't areas where it can be improved.

Anyone can participate in this process on the Forum thread here.

April 16, 2026 07:59 PM UTC

PyCharm &amp; Django annual fundraiser

For another year, we are thrilled to partner with our friends at JetBrains on the annual "Buy PyCharm, Support Django" campaign. This is the first of two fundraisers we're running with JetBrains this year, and it's one of the most impactful ways the community can support the Django Software Foundation.

"JetBrains is a cornerstone in the Django community, consistently helping us understand our evolving landscape. Their annual survey provides invaluable insights into the community's needs, trends, and tools, ensuring we stay on the pulse of what matters most."

Jeff Triplett, President, Django Software Foundation

Your support of this campaign helps fund key initiatives such as:

• Django Fellows: Ensuring the rapid development and maintenance of Django.
• Djangonaut Space: Onboarding new contributors to the Django project.
• Django Girls: Making the Django community accessible to programming beginners around the world.
• International events and conferences: Supporting DjangoCons, one-day events, meetups, and other community gatherings around the world.

How the campaign works

From today to May 1, when you purchase PyCharm at a 30% discount through our special campaign link, JetBrains will donate an equal amount to the Django Software Foundation. You get a professional IDE that's trusted by Django developers worldwide, and the DSF receives a matched contribution.

Get 30% off PyCharm, Support Django

Thank you, JetBrains

Beyond this campaign, JetBrains contributes to the Django ecosystem in ways that are easy to overlook but hard to overstate. Their Django Developers Survey, State of Django report, and broader Python Developers Survey give the entire community a clearer picture of where Django and Python are heading each year.

"JetBrains is one of our most generous fundraising partners year after year, helping us sustain and grow the Django ecosystem. We deeply appreciate their commitment, leadership, and collaboration."

Thank you to JetBrains for another year of partnership, and thank you to everyone who participates in this campaign. Together, we can ensure the continued success and growth of the framework we all rely on.

Other ways to donate

If you would like to donate in another way, especially if you are already a PyCharm customer, here are other ways to donate to the DSF:

• On our website via credit card
• Via GitHub Sponsors
• Benevity Workplace Giving Program - If your employer participates, you can make donations to the DSF via payroll deduction.
• For those able to make a larger donation as corporate sponsors ($2000+), check out our corporate sponsors form

April 16, 2026 05:45 PM UTC

Python Software Foundation

Announcing Python Software Foundation Fellow Members for Q4 2025! 🎉

The PSF is pleased to announce its fourth batch of PSF Fellows for 2025! Let us welcome the new PSF Fellows for Q4! The following people continue to do amazing things for the Python community:

Chris Brousseau

Website, LinkedIn, GitHub, Mastodon, X, PyBay, PyBay GitHub

Dave Forgac

Website, Mastodon, GitHub, LinkedIn

Inessa Pawson

GitHub, LinkedIn

James Abel

Website, LinkedIn, GitHub, Bluesky

Karen Dalton

LinkedIn

Mia Bajić

Tatiana Andrea Delgadillo Garzofino

Website, GitHub, LinkedIn, Instagram

Thank you for your continued contributions. We have added you to our Fellows Roster.

The above members help support the Python ecosystem by being phenomenal leaders, sustaining the growth of the Python scientific community, maintaining virtual Python communities, maintaining Python libraries, creating educational material, organizing Python events and conferences, starting Python communities in local regions, and overall being great mentors in our community. Each of them continues to help make Python more accessible around the world. To learn more about the new Fellow members, check out their links above.

Let's continue recognizing Pythonistas all over the world for their impact on our community. The criteria for Fellow members is available on our PSF Fellow Membership page. If you would like to nominate someone to be a PSF Fellow, please send a description of their Python accomplishments and their email address to psf-fellow at python.org. We are accepting nominations for Quarter 1 of 2026 through February 20th, 2026.

Are you a PSF Fellow and want to help the Work Group review nominations? Contact us at psf-fellow at python.org.

April 16, 2026 02:45 PM UTC

Real Python

Quiz: Welcome to Real Python!

In this quiz, you’ll test your understanding of Welcome to Real Python!

By working through this quiz, you’ll revisit key platform features like video courses, written tutorials, interactive quizzes, Learning Paths, and the Slack community.

You’ll also review strategies for learning effectively, including immersion, daily progress, and building a habit.

[ Improve Your Python With 🐍 Python Tricks 💌 – Get a short & sweet Python Trick delivered to your inbox every couple of days. >> Click here to learn more and see examples ]

April 16, 2026 12:00 PM UTC

Learning Path: Python Game Development

Build Python games from command-line projects to 2D graphical games with turtle, Tkinter, Pygame, and Arcade.

[ Improve Your Python With 🐍 Python Tricks 💌 – Get a short & sweet Python Trick delivered to your inbox every couple of days. >> Click here to learn more and see examples ]

April 16, 2026 12:00 PM UTC

death and gravity

Learn Python object-oriented programming with Raymond Hettinger

💢 There must be a better way.

Raymond Hettinger is a Python core developer. Even if you haven't heard of him, you've definitely used his work, bangers such as sorted(), enumerate(), collections, itertools, @lru_cache, and many others. Over the years, he's held lots of great talks, some of them on effective object-oriented programming in Python.

The talks in this article had a huge impact on my development as a software engineer, are some of the best I've heard, and are the single most important reason you should not be afraid of inheritance anymore; don't trust me, look at the YouTube comments!

Note

This list is only to whet your appetite – to get the most out of it, watch the talks in full; besides being a great teacher, Raymond is quite the entertainer, too.

• The Art of Subclassing
• Python's Class Development Toolkit
• Super considered super!
• Object Oriented Programming from scratch (four times)
• Beyond PEP 8 – Best practices for beautiful intelligible code
• Bonus: The Mental Game of Python

The Art of Subclassing #

Subclassing can just be viewed as a technique for code reuse.

The Art of Subclassing (2012) is about use cases, principles, and design patterns for inheritance, with examples from the standard library.

The point is to unlearn the animal examples – instead of the classic hierachical view where subclasses are specializations of the parent, there's an operational view where:

• classes are dicts of functions
• subclasses point to other dicts to reuse their code
• subclasses decide when to delegate

This view brings clarity to other related topics:

• Liskov substitution principle: allow existing code to work with your subclass¹
• circle–ellipse problem: the class with the most reusable code should be the parent
• open–closed principle: subclasses should not break base class invariants

Finally, a quote about the standard library:

The best way to become a better Python programmer is to spend some time reading the source code written by great Python programmers.

Sounds familiar?

Learn by reading code: Python standard library design decisions explained

Python's Class Development Toolkit #

Each user will stretch your code in different ways.

Python's Class Development Toolkit (2013) is a hands-on exercise: build a single class, encounter common problems users have with it, come up with solutions, repeat.

Use the lean startup methodology to build an advanced circle analytic toolkit with:

• instance and class variables
• instance methods (self refers to you or your children²)
• class methods (use cls for alternative contructors)
• static methods (attach functions to classes for discoverability)
• properties (transparent getters and setters)
• slots (when you have many, many instances)

Super considered super! #

Super considered super! (2015) goes deep into cooperative multiple inheritance, problems you might encounter, and how to fix them.

The main point is that just like how self refers not to you, but to you or your children, super() does not call your ancestors, but your children's ancestors – it may even call a class that isn't defined yet.

This allows you to change the inheritance chain after the fact; examples include a form of dependency injection, overriding parent behavior without changing its code, and an OrderedCounter class based on Counter and OrderedDict.

The article by the same name is worth a read too, and has different examples.

Object Oriented Programming from scratch (four times) #

Object Oriented Programming from scratch (four times) (2020) does exactly that, each time giving a new insight into what, how, and why we use objects in Python.

The first part shows OOP emerge naturally from the need for more namespaces, by iteratively improving a script that emulates dictionaries.

The second one covers the history of moving from a huge pile of data and functions to:

• data associated with functions (objects)
• groups of related functions (classes)
• related groups of functions (inheritance)
• using the same name for similar functions (polymorphism)

Sounds familiar?

When to use classes in Python? When your functions take the same arguments
When to use classes in Python? When you repeat similar sets of functions

The third part explains the mechanics of objects via ChainMap, tl;dr:

ChainMap(instance_dict, class_dict, parent_class_dict, ...)

The fourth part highlights how OOP naturally expresses entities and relationships by looking the data model of a Twitter clone and the syntax tree of a compiler.

Beyond PEP 8 – Best practices for beautiful intelligible code #

Well factored code looks like business logic.

Beyond PEP 8 – Best practices for beautiful intelligible code (2015) (code) is about how excessive focus on following PEP 8 can lead to code that is beautiful, but bad, since it distracts from the beauty that really matters:

Pythonic

coding beautifully in harmony with the language to get the maximum benefits from Python

Transform a bad API into a good one using an adapter class and stuff like:

• context managers for setup / teardown
• flat modules for simpler imports
• magic methods to make things iterable
• properties instead of getter methods
• custom exceptions for clearer business logic
• a good __repr__() for better debuggability

And remember:

If you don't transform bad APIs into Pythonic APIs, you're a fool!

Bonus: The Mental Game of Python #

The computer gives us words that do things; what daddy does is make new words to make computers easier to use.³

The Mental Game of Python (2019) is not just about programming, but about problem solving strategies. The most relevant one for OOP is: build classes independently and let inheritance discover itself; this is because:

A lot of real world problems aren't tic-tac-toe problems, where you can see to the end; they are chess problems, where you can't.

For a more meta discussion of this idea, check out Repeat yourself, do more than one thing, and rewrite everything by tef; it should be considered a classic at this point.

Parting Raymond Hettinger quote:

I came to here you to show you how to chunk, and how to stack one chunk on top of the other, and this is a way to reduce your cognitive load and manage complexity; it is the core of our craft; it's what we're here to do.

Anyway, that's it for now. :)

Who learned something new today? Share it with others! PyCoder's Weekly HN Bluesky linkedin Twitter

Want to know when new articles come out? Subscribe here to get new stuff straight to your inbox!

1. But remember it's a principle, not a law, violations are fine – you may only want substitutability in some places (e.g. contructors are often not substitutable). ^[return]

2. ...unless you use double underscores. ^[return]

3. In my opinion, this quote alone is reason enough to watch the talk. ^[return]

April 16, 2026 09:00 AM UTC

Bruno Ponne / Coding The Past

Exploring the MET API with Python - Francisco Goya's Artworks

The act of painting is about one heart telling another heart where he found salvation.

— Francisco Goya

Francisco Goya is one of my favorite artists. His work has a beautiful darkness that tells a lot about his experience in his time. In this post, we’ll dive into his world using the Metropolitan Museum of Art (MET) application programming interface (API), which gives developers access to data on hundreds of thousands of artworks.

You will learn how to interact with the MET API using Python. We will journey through the process of making HTTP requests, parsing the returned JSON data into a structured pandas DataFrame, and exploring the collection to extract meaningful insights about Goya’s work.

1. Requesting data from the API

We begin by importing the requests library, which allows us to send HTTP requests to the MET REST API in Python. We’ll query the search endpoint to find Goya’s paintings. In API terms, an endpoint is a specific URL used to access a particular resource.

The MET API has four endpoints starting with “https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/”:

• GET /public/collection/v1/objects returns a listing of all valid objectID available to use.
• GET /public/collection/v1/objects/[objectID] returns a record for an object, containing all open access data about that object, including its image (if the image is available under Open Access).
• GET /public/collection/v1/departments returns a listing of all departments of the museum.
• GET /public/collection/v1/search returns a listing of all objectID for objects that match the search query.

You can find more details about each endpoint and its functionality in the official MET API documentation.

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import requests
import pandas as pd

search_query = "https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/public/collection/v1/search?hasImages=true&q=Francisco Goya"

response = requests.get(search_query)
search_data = response.json()

print(f"Found {search_data['total']} artworks for Francisco Goya.")

API endpoints can be followed by query parameters that refine our search. In the example above, hasImages=true filters for objects with images, and q specifies our search term—in this case, the artist’s name.

The requests library contains a method called get(), which we use to send our request to the API, passing our endpoint saved in the string search_query.

The resulting response object can then be parsed into a JSON structure using the .json() method.

2. Converting JSON to a list of painting ids

While JSON is the standard for data exchange, working with raw JSON can be cumbersome for direct data analysis. In Python, you can think of JSON as a dictionary of keys and values. These values can themselves be other dictionaries, lists, numbers, strings, or booleans. By printing the search_data object, we can see that it’s a dictionary containing two main keys:

• total: An integer representing the total number of objects returned.
• objectIDs: A list containing the unique IDs of the artworks matching our search.

To retrieve the list of IDs associated with the key “objectIDs” we use the standard dictionary notation search_data["objectIDs"] and save it to the variable goya_ids.

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print(search_data)
goya_ids = search_data["objectIDs"]

3. Getting the details of each of Goya’s works

To retrieve details for each artwork — such as its title, date, and thematic tags — we need to iterate through the list of IDs and send a request to the /objects/{objectID} endpoint for each item. We implement this using a for loop that repeats the request for each artwork.

(Note: Depending on the number of results, fetching these details can take a few minutes. We use time.sleep(1) to respect the API’s rate limits and avoid being blocked.)

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import time

all_objects_data = []


for object_id in goya_ids:
    try:
        obj_response = requests.get(f"https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/public/collection/v1/objects/{object_id}")
        obj_response.raise_for_status() 
        all_objects_data.append(obj_response.json())
    except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:
        print(f"Error for object ID {object_id}: {e}")
    
    time.sleep(1) # Respect the API, one request per second to be safe

# Convert the gathered data to a DataFrame
goya_df = pd.json_normalize(all_objects_data)

# Filter only Goya works
goya_df = goya_df[goya_df['artistDisplayName'].str.contains('Goya', na=False)]

We use a try-except block to ensure the loop continues even if a specific object ID fails to load. We also log any errors to help with debugging.

Finally, we convert the collected data into a Pandas DataFrame using pd.json_normalize. Since a broad search might return works about Goya or mentioning him in metadata, we filter the DataFrame to ensure the artistDisplayName actually contains “Goya.”

The resulting DataFrame contains intriguing data about each of his works, including name, year when the painting or drawing was started and finished, descriptive tags and dimensions, among other information. Feel free to explore it. We will continue working with the descriptive tags in the next steps.

4. Flattening nested JSON data

For keys whose values are lists or other dictionaries, the resulting columns will contain those respective objects. This happens, for example, with the tags column. When you have nested elements like this, you can “flatten” them into a tabular format.

JSON data structure

Flattening an element changes the granularity of the data. Whereas before each row represented a single artwork, in the flattened table each row represents an individual tag belonging to one artwork.

To flatten these nested tags, we can use json_normalize by specifying the element to unnest in the record_path. We also include the objectID in the meta parameter so we don’t lose the relationship between a tag and its original artwork. Later on, we can join this tags table back to our main DataFrame if we want.

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tags_df = pd.json_normalize(
    all_objects_data,
    record_path='tags',
    meta=['objectID']
)

5. Visualizing the most frequent themes

The MET API provides a tags field containing descriptive terms associated with each artwork. To understand the prevailing themes in Goya’s works — famous for documenting the social upheaval and dark realities of his era — we can extract these terms and calculate their frequency.

Once we isolate the individual tags into a new column, we can use matplotlib to create a horizontal bar plot of the top 10 terms and check if indeed his artwork contained themes related to death and misery.

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import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Calculate the frequency of each term for the filtered Goya artworks
# We filter tags_df to only include IDs present in our filtered goya_df
term_frequency = tags_df[tags_df['objectID'].isin(goya_df['objectID'])]['term'].value_counts().reset_index()
term_frequency.columns = ['term', 'count']

# Select the top N terms for better readability if there are many unique terms
# For this example, let's take the top 10 terms
top_terms = term_frequency.head(10).sort_values(by='count', ascending=True)

plt.figure(figsize=(12, 8))
plt.barh(top_terms['term'], top_terms['count'], color='#FF6885')

plt.title('Top 10 Most Frequent Terms in Goya Dataset', fontsize=20)
plt.xlabel('Frequency', fontsize=16)
plt.ylabel('Term', fontsize=16)
plt.xticks(fontsize=14)
plt.yticks(fontsize=14)
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

Top 10 Most Frequent Terms chart

The resulting visualization provides a fascinating window into Goya’s thematic world. Beyond common subjects like “Men,” “Women,” and “Portraits,” we see a strong representation of “Bulls” (reflecting his famous Tauromaquia series) and “Self-portraits.”

Most strikingly, terms like “Death” and “Suffering” appear prominently in the top 10. This data-driven insight confirms Goya’s historical reputation as an artist who didn’t shy away from the darker aspects of the human experience. By quantifying these themes through the MET API, we move from subjective observation to empirical evidence of his artistic focus.

Plate 43 from "Los Caprichos": The sleep of reason produces monsters (El sueño de la razon produce monstruos)

You could also use the main dataset we created to collect a series of images of Goya works. I am thinking of using AI to help me download all images of Goya in the public domain and try to build a model to describe or classify them in Python. Feel free to use the data and let me know about your analysis. Leave your comments or any questions below and happy coding!

Conclusions

• The requests library combined with pd.json_normalize makes extracting and structuring data from web APIs both seamless and efficient.
• Navigating public collections like the MET API enables us to perform large-scale data analysis on historical and cultural artifacts.
• Combining data extraction with clear visualizations (using Matplotlib) provides interpretable insights into an artist’s thematic legacy and creative focus.

April 16, 2026 12:00 AM UTC

April 15, 2026

Django Weblog

Django Has Adopted Contributor Covenant 3

We’re excited to announce that Django has officially adopted Contributor Covenant 3 as our new Code of Conduct! This milestone represents the completion of a careful, community-driven process that began earlier this year.

What We’ve Accomplished

Back in February, we announced our plan to adopt Contributor Covenant 3 through a transparent, multi-step process. Today, we’re proud to share that we’ve completed all three steps:

Step 1 (Completed February 2026): Established a community-driven process for proposing and reviewing changes to our Code of Conduct.

Step 2 (Completed March 2026): Updated our Enforcement Manual, Reporting Guidelines, and FAQs to align with Contributor Covenant 3 and incorporate lessons learned from our working group’s experience.

Step 3 (Completed April 2026): Adopted the Contributor Covenant 3 with Django-specific enhancements.

Why Contributor Covenant 3?

Contributor Covenant 3 represents a significant evolution in community standards, incorporating years of experience from communities around the world. The new version:

• Centers impact over intent, recognizing that even unintentional harm requires accountability and repair
• Emphasizes consent and boundaries, making explicit that community members must respect stated boundaries immediately
• Addresses modern harassment patterns like sea-lioning, coordinated harassment, and microaggressions
• Includes clearer guidance on enforcement, transparency, and accountability

By adopting this widely-used standard, Django joins a global community of projects committed to fostering welcoming, inclusive spaces for everyone.

What’s New in Django’s Code of Conduct

While we’ve adopted Contributor Covenant 3 as our foundation, we’ve also made Django-specific enhancements:

• In-person event guidance: Added requirements and best practices for Code of Conduct points of contact at Django events
• Affiliated programs documentation: Clarified scope and expectations for programs that reference Django’s Code of Conduct
• Bad-faith reporting provisions: Added protections against misuse of the reporting process
• Escalation processes: Established clear procedures for handling disagreements between working groups
• Enhanced transparency: Updated our statistics and reporting to provide better visibility into how we enforce our Code of Conduct

You can view the complete changelog of changes at our Code of Conduct repository.

Community-Driven Process

This adoption represents months of collaborative work. The Code of Conduct Working Group reviewed community feedback, consulted with the DSF Board, and incorporated insights from our enforcement experience. Each step was completed through pull requests that were open for community review and discussion.

We’re grateful to everyone who participated in this process—whether by opening issues, commenting on pull requests, joining forum discussions, or simply taking the time to review and understand the changes.

Where to Find Everything

All of our Code of Conduct documentation is available on both djangoproject.com and our GitHub repository:

• Code of Conduct: djangoproject.com/conduct
• Reporting Guidelines: djangoproject.com/conduct/reporting
• Enforcement Manual: djangoproject.com/conduct/enforcement-manual
• FAQs: djangoproject.com/conduct/faq
• GitHub Repository: github.com/django/code-of-conduct

How You Can Continue to Help

The Code of Conduct is a living document that will continue to evolve with our community’s needs:

• Propose changes: Anyone can open an issue to suggest improvements
• Join discussions: Participate in community conversations on the Django forum, Discord, or DSF Slack
• Report violations: If you experience or witness a Code of Conduct violation, please report it to conduct@djangoproject.com
• Stay informed: Watch the Code of Conduct repository for updates

Thank You

Creating a truly welcoming and inclusive community is ongoing work that requires participation from all of us. Thank you for being part of Django’s community and for your commitment to making it a safe, respectful space where everyone can contribute and thrive.

If you have questions about the new Code of Conduct or our processes, please don’t hesitate to reach out to the Code of Conduct Working Group at conduct@djangoproject.com.

Posted by Dan Ryan on behalf of the Django Code of Conduct Working Group

April 15, 2026 08:49 PM UTC

Real Python

Variables in Python: Usage and Best Practices

In Python, variables are symbolic names that refer to objects or values stored in your computer’s memory. They allow you to assign descriptive names to data, making it easier to manipulate and reuse values throughout your code. You create a Python variable by assigning a value using the syntax variable_name = value.

By the end of this tutorial, you’ll understand that:

• Variables in Python are symbolic names pointing to objects or values in memory.
• You define variables by assigning them a value using the assignment operator.
• Python variables are dynamically typed, allowing type changes through reassignment.
• Python variable names can include letters, digits, and underscores but can’t start with a digit. You should use snake case for multi-word names to improve readability.
• Variables exist in different scopes (global, local, non-local, or built-in), which affects how you can access them.
• You can have an unlimited number of variables in Python, limited only by computer memory.

To get the most out of this tutorial, you should be familiar with Python’s basic data types and have a general understanding of programming concepts like loops and functions.

Don’t worry if you don’t have all this knowledge yet and you’re just getting started. You won’t need this knowledge to benefit from working through the early sections of this tutorial.

Get Your Code: Click here to download the free sample code that shows you how to use variables in Python.

Take the Quiz: Test your knowledge with our interactive “Variables in Python: Usage and Best Practices” quiz. You’ll receive a score upon completion to help you track your learning progress:

---

Interactive Quiz

Variables in Python: Usage and Best Practices

Test your understanding of Python variables, from creation and naming conventions to dynamic typing, scopes, and type hints.

Getting to Know Variables in Python

In Python, variables are names associated with concrete objects or values stored in your computer’s memory. By associating a variable with a value, you can refer to the value using a descriptive name and reuse it as many times as needed in your code.

Variables behave as if they were the value they refer to. To use variables in your code, you first need to learn how to create them, which is pretty straightforward in Python.

Creating Variables With Assignments

The primary way to create a variable in Python is to assign it a value using the assignment operator and the following syntax:

Python Syntax

variable_name = value

In this syntax, you have the variable’s name on the left, then the assignment (=) operator, followed by the value you want to assign to the variable at hand. The value in this construct can be any Python object, including strings, numbers, lists, dictionaries, or even custom objects.

Note: To learn more about assignments, check out Python’s Assignment Operator: Write Robust Assignments.

Here are a few examples of variables:

Python

>>> word = "Python"

>>> number = 42

>>> coefficient = 2.87

>>> fruits = ["apple", "mango", "grape"]

>>> ordinals = {1: "first", 2: "second", 3: "third"}

>>> class SomeCustomClass: pass
>>> instance = SomeCustomClass()

In this code, you’ve defined several variables by assigning values to names. The first five examples include variables that refer to different built-in types. The last example shows that variables can also refer to custom objects like an instance of your SomeCustomClass class.

Setting and Changing a Variable’s Data Type

Apart from a variable’s value, it’s also important to consider the data type of the value. When you think about a variable’s type, you’re considering whether the variable refers to a string, integer, floating-point number, list, tuple, dictionary, custom object, or another data type.

Python is a dynamically typed language, which means that variable types are determined and checked at runtime rather than during compilation. Because of this, you don’t need to specify a variable’s type when you’re creating the variable. Python will infer a variable’s type from the assigned object.

Note: In Python, variables themselves don’t have data types. Instead, the objects that variables reference have types.

For example, consider the following variables:

Python

>>> name = "Jane Doe"
>>> age = 19
>>> subjects = ["Math", "English", "Physics", "Chemistry"]

>>> type(name)
<class 'str'>
>>> type(age)
<class 'int'>
>>> type(subjects)
<class 'list'>

In this example, name refers to the "Jane Doe" value, so the type of name is str. Similarly, age refers to the integer number 19, so its type is int. Finally, subjects refers to a list, so its type is list. Note that you don’t have to explicitly tell Python which type each variable is. Python determines and sets the type by checking the type of the assigned value.

Read the full article at https://realpython.com/python-variables/ »

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April 15, 2026 02:00 PM UTC

PyCon

Introducing the 7 Companies on Startup Row at PyCon US 2026

Each year at PyCon US, Startup Row highlights a select group of early-stage companies building ambitious products with Python at their core. The 2026 cohort reflects a rapidly evolving landscape, where advances in AI, data infrastructure, and developer tooling are reshaping how software is built, deployed, and secured.

This year’s companies aim to solve an evolving set of problems facing independent developers and large-scale organizations alike: securing AI-driven applications, managing multimodal data, orchestrating autonomous agents, automating complex workflows, and extracting insight from increasingly unstructured information. Across these domains, Python continues to serve as a unifying layer: encouraging experimentation, enabling systems built to scale, and connecting open-source innovation with real-world impact.

Startup Row brings these emerging teams into direct conversation with the Python community at PyCon US. Throughout the conference, attendees can meet founders, explore new tools, and see firsthand how these companies are applying Python to solve meaningful problems. For the startups in attendance, it’s an opportunity to share their work, connect with users and collaborators, and contribute back to the ecosystem that helped shape them. Register now to experience Startup Row and much more at PyCon US 2026.

CapiscIO

Chonkie

Pixeltable

SubImage

Tetrix

TimeCopilot

Thank You's and Acknowledgements

April 15, 2026 01:03 PM UTC

Real Python

Quiz: Design and Guidance: Object-Oriented Programming in Python

Test your understanding of the Design and Guidance: Object-Oriented Programming in Python video course.

You’ll revisit single responsibility, open-closed, Liskov substitution, interface segregation, and dependency inversion. You’ll also review when to use classes in Python and alternatives to inheritance like composition and dependency injection.

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April 15, 2026 12:00 PM UTC

April 14, 2026

PyCoder’s Weekly

Issue #730: Typing Django, Dictionaries, pandas vs Polars, and More (April 14, 2026)

#730 – APRIL 14, 2026
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April 14, 2026 07:30 PM UTC

Real Python

Vector Databases and Embeddings With ChromaDB

The era of large language models (LLMs) is here, bringing with it rapidly evolving libraries like ChromaDB that help augment LLM applications. You’ve most likely heard of chatbots like OpenAI’s ChatGPT, and perhaps you’ve even experienced their remarkable ability to reason about natural language processing (NLP) problems.

Modern LLMs, while imperfect, can accurately solve a wide range of problems and provide correct answers to many questions. However, due to the limits of their training and the number of text tokens they can process, LLMs aren’t a silver bullet for all tasks.

You wouldn’t expect an LLM to deliver relevant responses about topics that don’t appear in its training data. For example, if you asked ChatGPT to summarize information in confidential company documents, you’d be out of luck. You could show some of these documents to ChatGPT, but there’s a limit to how many documents you can upload before you exceed ChatGPT’s maximum token count. How would you select which documents to show ChatGPT?

To address these limitations and scale your LLM applications, a great option is to use a vector database like ChromaDB. A vector database allows you to store encoded unstructured objects, like text, as lists of numbers that can be compared to one another. For instance, you can find a collection of documents relevant to a question you’d like an LLM to answer.

In this video course, you’ll learn about:

• Representing unstructured objects with vectors
• Using word and text embeddings in Python
• Harnessing the power of vector databases
• Encoding and querying over documents with ChromaDB
• Providing context to LLMs like ChatGPT with ChromaDB

After watching, you’ll have the foundational knowledge to use ChromaDB in your NLP or LLM applications. Before watching, you should be comfortable with the basics of Python and high school math.

[ Improve Your Python With 🐍 Python Tricks 💌 – Get a short & sweet Python Trick delivered to your inbox every couple of days. >> Click here to learn more and see examples ]

April 14, 2026 02:00 PM UTC

Quiz: Explore Your Dataset With pandas

In this quiz, you’ll test your understanding of Explore Your Dataset With pandas.

By working through this quiz, you’ll revisit pandas core data structures, reading CSV files, indexing and filtering data, grouping and aggregating results, understanding dtypes, and combining DataFrames.

This quiz helps you apply the core techniques from the course so you can turn a large dataset into clear, reproducible insights.

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April 14, 2026 12:00 PM UTC

Quiz: Altair: Declarative Charts With Python

In this quiz, you’ll test your understanding of Altair: Declarative Charts With Python.

By working through this quiz, you’ll revisit Altair’s core grammar of Data, Mark, and Encode, encoding channels and type shorthands, interactive selections with brushing and linked views, and common limitations to watch out for.

[ Improve Your Python With 🐍 Python Tricks 💌 – Get a short & sweet Python Trick delivered to your inbox every couple of days. >> Click here to learn more and see examples ]

April 14, 2026 12:00 PM UTC

Quiz: Vector Databases and Embeddings With ChromaDB

In this quiz, you’ll test your understanding of Embeddings and Vector Databases With ChromaDB.

By working through this quiz, you’ll revisit key concepts like vectors, cosine similarity, word and text embeddings, ChromaDB collections, metadata filtering, and retrieval-augmented generation (RAG).

[ Improve Your Python With 🐍 Python Tricks 💌 – Get a short & sweet Python Trick delivered to your inbox every couple of days. >> Click here to learn more and see examples ]

April 14, 2026 12:00 PM UTC

Python Software Foundation

PyCon US 2026: Why we're asking you to think about your hotel reservation

The PyCon US 2026 team has already covered some of the fun, unexpected, and meaningful reasons you’ll want to stay in the PyCon US hotel block. The PSF wants to use our blog to give a different angle, to keep being transparent with you, and share a little bit of real talk on the economics of holding a conference in the US at this moment in time. The short version is, if you’re joining us in Long Beach, please book the official PyCon US hotels through your PyCon US 2026 dashboard, because bookings in our hotel block are critical to the economic viability of the event.

Context on hotel bookings & PyCon US

For many years, PyCon US has relied on hotel booking commissions to help pay for our conference space. This helps us keep the event tickets affordable and to continue offering Travel Grants to community members who might not otherwise be able to attend PyCon US. Once your event outgrows academic spaces, donated conference rooms, or theatre spaces, working with the hotels is the industry’s standard way to pay for a professional convention center space. You commit to a certain number of hotel nights blocked off at nearby hotels, based on your event’s numbers from previous years, and in return, you get a reduced rental charge at the convention center. If you sell enough rooms, you additionally earn a small percentage of the revenue from those rooms, i.e. a commission. If, on the other hand, you don’t sell enough rooms, you owe damages to the hotels–essentially paying the full rate for the rooms they reserved for your event but didn’t sell. 

This system has worked well for the PSF and PyCon US until this year. At the height of the pre-pandemic years, we brought in over $200,000 in hotel commissions. Even last year in Pittsburgh, we fully sold out one hotel and our total commission in 2025 was a healthy $95,909. Unfortunately, this year our hotel bookings are far behind the level they need to avoid damages, let alone earn any commission. We attribute this largely to the sad but understandable decline in willingness of international attendees, as well as some vulnerable domestic attendees, to travel to PyCon US, given the current environment. The bottom line is, if PyCon US hotel booking trends continue at their current pace, the PSF is on track to owe over $200,000 in damages under our hotel contracts.

We are not alone in this. The travel industry has been talking about the slump in foreign visitors to the US for months. The decline in foreign tourism revenue is also making the hotels less interested in being generous with our rates, contracts, and deadlines, since most hotels have seen declines in their bookings all year, not just during our event. Everyone is feeling the squeeze.

Where we’re at now

PyCon US ticket sales are only lagging by a bit. Local attendees buy their tickets later, which is something we anticipate, but this year’s hotel bookings are lagging by a lot compared to last year:

PyCon US Ticket sales as of April 10, 2025: 1,565

​​​​PyCon US Ticket sales as of April 12, 2026: 1,333

Hotel nights sold as of April 10th, 2025: 3,155 

Hotel nights sold as of April 12th, 2026: 2,192

Hotel nights we need to sell by April 20th, 2026 to avoid damages: 3,338

Additional Hotel nights needed by April 20th, 2026 to avoid damages: 1,146

The PSF signed a contract for the Long Beach venue back in July of 2023. At that time we couldn‘t have foreseen this current situation where interest in coming to the US has sharply declined due to increased risk. In response, we have focused on attracting more domestic attendees, and that has been going pretty well, but it hasn’t made up for the macroeconomic and geopolitical impacts on our attendance. 

How you can help

We’ll need as many of our attendees as possible to book the official conference hotel before the deadline: The first hotel block closes on April 20th, and the last block closes April 24th. 

Booking the official conference hotel helps us keep PyCon US running and affordable and it’s also a lot of fun to stay where the action is. If you are planning to join us at PyCon US this year (and we hope you can because there are a lot of great things happening at the event this year!) then we hope you will consider booking an official conference hotel. 

To book in our hotel block, first register for the conference, and then book your room directly from your attendee dashboard. If you need help or would like to reserve a group of rooms, please contact our housing partner Orchid: 1-877-505-0689 or help@orchid.events. Our hotels page has a full list of the four hotel options and their deadlines.

A final note

We want to thank you for your commitment to the community that makes PyCon US the special event it is. We hope to see you there to learn, collaborate, and share lots of fun moments. 

For all those who can’t be at PyCon US this year for whatever reason: you will be sorely missed and we hope to see you at a future edition of the event!

April 14, 2026 10:13 AM UTC

Seth Michael Larson

Add Animal Crossing events to your digital calendar

Animal Forest (“Dōbutsu no Mori” or “どうぶつの森”) was released in Japan for the Nintendo 64 on April 14th, 2001: exactly 25 years ago today! To celebrate this beloved franchise I have created calendars for each of the “first-generation” Animal Crossing games that you can load into calendar apps like Google Calendar or Apple Calendars to see events from your town.

These calendars include holidays, special events, igloo and summer campers, and more. Additionally, I've created a tool which can generate importable calendars for the birthdays of villagers in your town using data from future titles and star signs from e-Reader cards.

Select which game, region, and language you are interested in and then scan the QR code or copy the URL and import the calendar manually into your calendar application. Note that calendars are only available for a valid “game + region + language” combinations such as: “Animal Forest e+ + NTSC-J + Japanese”.

Continue reading on sethmlarson.dev ...

Thanks for keeping RSS alive! ♥

April 14, 2026 12:00 AM UTC

April 13, 2026

Python Software Foundation

Reflecting on Five Years as the PSF’s First CPython Developer in Residence

After nearly five wonderful years at the Python Software Foundation as the inaugural CPython Developer in Residence, it's time for me to move on. I feel honored and honestly so lucky to have had the opportunity to kick off the program that now includes several wonderful full-time engineers. I'm glad to see the program left in good hands. The vacancy created by my departure will be filled after PyCon US as the PSF is currently focused on delivering a strong event. I'm happy to share that Meta will continue to sponsor the CPython Developer in Residence role at least through mid-2027. The program is safe.

Łukasz with PSF's Security Developer in Residence Seth Larson and PyPI Safety & Security Engineer Mike Fielder at PyCon US 2025

April 13, 2026 02:01 PM UTC

Real Python

How to Add Features to a Python Project With Codex CLI

After reading this guide, you’ll be able to use Codex CLI to add features to a Python project directly from your terminal. Codex CLI is an AI-powered coding assistant that runs inside your terminal. It understands your project structure, reads your files, and proposes multi-file changes using natural language instructions.

Instead of copying code from a browser or relying on an IDE plugin, you’ll use Codex CLI to implement a real feature in a multi-file Python project directly from your terminal:

Example of Using Codex CLI to Implement a Project Feature

In the following steps, you’ll install and configure Codex CLI, use it to implement a deletion feature in a contact book app, and then refine that feature through iterative prompting.

Take the Quiz: Test your knowledge with our interactive “How to Add Features to a Python Project With Codex CLI” quiz. You’ll receive a score upon completion to help you track your learning progress:

---

Interactive Quiz

How to Add Features to a Python Project With Codex CLI

Test your knowledge of Codex CLI, the AI-powered terminal tool for adding features to Python projects with natural language.

Prerequisites

To follow this guide, you should be familiar with the Python language. You’ll also need an OpenAI account with either a paid ChatGPT subscription or a valid API key, which you’ll connect to Codex CLI once you install it. Additionally, you’ll need to have Node.js installed, since Codex CLI is distributed as an npm package.

To make it easier for you to experiment with Codex CLI, download the RP Contacts project by clicking the link below:

Get Your Code: Click here to download the free source code for the RP Contacts sample project used in this tutorial.

The project RP Contacts is a text-based interface (TUI) that allows you to manage contacts directly in the terminal through a Textual app. It’s an adapted version of the project from Real Python’s tutorial Build a Contact Book App With Python, Textual, and SQLite. It differs from the original in that it uses uv to manage the project, and the TUI buttons Delete and Clear All haven’t been implemented—that’s what you’ll use Codex CLI for.

Once you’ve downloaded the project, you want to check that you can run it. As mentioned, the project uses uv for dependency management—you can tell by the uv.lock file in the project root—so make sure you have uv installed. If you don’t have uv yet, follow the official installation instructions.

Once you have uv installed and you’re at the root directory of the project, you can run the project:

Shell

$ uv run rpcontacts

When you run the command rpcontacts through uv for the first time, uv will create a virtual environment, install the dependencies of your project, and start the RP Contacts TUI. If all goes well, you should see a TUI in your terminal with a couple of buttons and an empty contact listing:

Once the TUI opens, create some test contacts by using the Add button and filling in the form that pops up. After creating a couple of fake contacts, quit the application by pressing Q.

Finally, you’ll want to initialize a Git repository at the root of your project and commit all your files:

Shell

$ git init .
$ git add .
$ git commit -m "First commit."

Codex CLI will modify your code, and you can never tell whether the changes will be good or not. Versioning your code makes it straightforward to roll back any changes made by LLMs if you don’t like them.

If you want to explore other AI-powered coding tools alongside Codex CLI, Real Python’s Python Coding With AI learning path brings together tutorials and video courses on AI-assisted coding, prompt engineering, and LLM development.

Step 1: Install and Configure Codex CLI

With all the accessory setup out of the way, it’s now time to install Codex CLI. For that, you’ll want to check the official OpenAI documentation to see the most up-to-date installation instructions. As of now, OpenAI recommends using npm:

Read the full article at https://realpython.com/codex-cli/ »

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April 13, 2026 02:00 PM UTC

PyCon

How to Build Your PyCon US 2026 Schedule

Six Pathways Through the Talks

April 13, 2026 12:21 PM UTC

Real Python

Quiz: Gemini CLI vs Claude Code: Which to Choose for Python Tasks

In this quiz, you’ll test your understanding of Gemini CLI vs Claude Code: Which to Choose for Python Tasks.

By working through this quiz, you’ll revisit key differences between Gemini CLI and Claude Code, including installation requirements, model selection, performance benchmarks, and pricing models.

[ Improve Your Python With 🐍 Python Tricks 💌 – Get a short & sweet Python Trick delivered to your inbox every couple of days. >> Click here to learn more and see examples ]

April 13, 2026 12:00 PM UTC

Quiz: Python Continuous Integration and Deployment Using GitHub Actions

This quiz helps you review the key steps for setting up continuous integration and delivery using GitHub Actions. You’ll practice how to organize workflow files, choose common triggers, and use essential Git and YAML features.

Whether you’re just getting started or brushing up, these questions draw directly from Python Continuous Integration and Deployment Using GitHub Actions. Test your understanding before building your next workflow.

[ Improve Your Python With 🐍 Python Tricks 💌 – Get a short & sweet Python Trick delivered to your inbox every couple of days. >> Click here to learn more and see examples ]

April 13, 2026 12:00 PM UTC

April 12, 2026

Ned Batchelder

Linklint

I wrote a Sphinx extension to eliminate excessive links: linklint. It started as a linter to check and modify .rst files, but it grew into a Sphinx extension that works without changing the source files.

It all started with a topic in the discussion forums: Should not underline links, which argued that the underlining was distracting from the text. Of course we did not remove underlines, they are important for accessibility and for seeing that there are links at all.

But I agreed that there were places in the docs that had too many links. In particular, there are two kinds of link that are excessive:

• Links within a section to the same section. These arise naturally when describing a function (or class or module). Mentioning the function again in the description will link to the function. But we’re already reading about the function. The link is pointless and confusing.
• A second (or third, etc) instance of the same link in a single paragraph. The first mention of a referent should be linked, but subsequent ones don’t need to be.

Linklint is a Sphinx extension that suppresses these two kinds of links during the build process. It examines the doctree (the abstract syntax tree of the documentation) and finds and modifies references matching our criteria for excessiveness. It’s running now in the CPython documentation, where it suppressed 3612 links. Nice.

I had another idea for a kind of link to suppress: “obvious” references. For example, I don’t think it’s useful to link every instance of “str” to the str() constructor. Is there anyone who needs that link because they don’t know what “str” means? And if they don’t know, is that the right place to take them?

There are three problems with that idea: first, not everyone agrees that “obvious” links should be suppressed at all. Second, even among those who do, people won’t agree on what is obvious. Sure, int and str. But what about list, dict, set? Third, there are some places where a link to str() needs to be kept, like “See str() for details.” Sphinx has a syntax for references to suppress the link, but there’s no syntax to force a link when linklint wants to suppress it.

So linklint doesn’t suppress obvious links. Maybe we can do it in the future once there’s been some more thought about it.

In the meantime, linklint is working to stop many excessive links. It was a small project that turned out much better than I expected when I started on it. A Sphinx extension is a really powerful way to adjust or enhance documentation without causing churn in the .rst source files. Sphinx itself can be complex and mysterious, but with a skilled code reading assistant, I was able to build this utility and improve the documentation.

April 12, 2026 06:22 PM UTC

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